نشریه اقتصاد دفاع و توسعه پایدار
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1397)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of sukuk in the financing of defense industries through the explanation of the relationship between Islamic financial instruments (sukuk) and the appropriate method of financing defense industries from the point of view of experts in Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The statistical population of this study is experts in 1396. A simple random sampling method was used for this questionnaire. Based on the sample size, 385 questionnaires were completed and analyzed. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained from Cronbach's alpha coefficient higher than 0.7. The Kolmogrov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the data and to test the hypotheses, structural equations and confirmatory factor analysis were used in SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that there is a meaningful relationship between Islamic financial instruments (non-profit sukuk, fixed income and fixed yield bonds, expected returns and derivatives bonds) and a suitable method for financing defense industry. The results of the research point to the importance of Islamic financial instruments (Sukuk) regarding the application of the appropriate method for financing defense industries and shows that with the attention and knowledge of Islamic financial instruments (sukuk) they can be used and the financing model Improve.

In this study, we have tried to study the effects of money laundering on insurance, considering one of the most important axes stated in Resistive Economy Policies, which is related to the clarification and soundness of the economy. We have used library and field methods (interviews with experts and questionnaires) for data collection. The statistical population was 381 persons and SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results of the research are presented in the form of 50 strategies that get the most points. Results show that money laundering has a significant impact on economic security and leads to direct costs on the judiciary, the increase of corruption, the destruction of financial institutions, the creation of price bubbles and instability in the country's markets. Compliance and assurance of the information accuracy obtained from legal entities and individuals applying for insurance services with the contents of valid identification documents, authentication and querying of databases and reporting of a suspicious transaction to the financial information unit (FIU) by the insurance institution are the most important solutions. The findings showed that money laundering in insurance leads to a decrease in economic security in Iran and reduces the possibility of achieving the goals of a resistive economy.

The purpose of this study is to introduce and analyze the strategies for empowering the oil and gas industry with regard to the sanctions imposed by the western countries using SWOT method. Therefore, in order to explain the organizational and environmental conditions of this industry, a total of 21 internal environmental factors (13 strengths and 8 weaknesses) and 19 external environmental factors (14 opportunities and 5 weaknesses) were extracted. Then, considering these internal and external factors, 9 offensive strategies, 11 conservative strategies, 3 competitive strategies, and 7 defensive strategies were introduced to solve the problems and remove the industry limitations. Next, these strategies were divided into two short-term (including 16 strategies) and long-term (including 10 strategies) categories based on the time required for execution, and each of them were prioritized based on the importance and impact quality of sanctions and reduction of their losses.

This article examines the factors affecting the profitability and fixed assets of 110 stock market companies over a five-year period (2012-2013), with emphasis on their financing method. The independent variables are “cost of debt financing”, “cost of equity financing”, “company size”, “debt financing”, “equity financing”, and the dependent variables are “fixed assets” and “profitability indices” which the relation between these variables are estimated separately. In the first model, the effect of company size, fixed assets, debt financing and equity financing on profitability of the company is studied, and in the second model, the impact of company size, cost of debt financing and cost of equity financing on fixed assets of the company are examined. In order to investigate these relationships, the unit root test of variables was used to prevent spurious regression and the software used in this study is Eviews. The results show that in the first model the relationship between profitability and debt financing is negative and statistically significant, but there is no significant relationship between profitability and equity financing. In the second model, the relationship between fixed assets and the cost of debt and equity financing is positive and significant. Also, firm size was not significant in either model.

The special features of the cryptocurrency have raised them as the future money of the global economy, while the monetary nature of these cryptocurrency has been questioned. In the economic literature, three main functions of money are considered as: (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a unit of account, and (3) a store of value. In this research, it will first attempt to address the history, nature and types of digital, virtual, and crypto money in the monetary system of the countries, and then, by modeling the exchange rate fluctuation of the selected cryptocurrencies, the Euro-Dollar and Gold with the GARCH family models, their monetary functions will be investigated. At the current time, it appears that the fluctuations of these types of cryptocurrency and the widespread inadequate use of them in micropayments, their monetary functions are seriously skeptical and therefore the use of money does not seem to be correct for them right now. With the advancement of technology and more people's familiarity with the advancement of technology, the depth of the cryptocurrency market could be increased, reducing their fluctuations and increasing the use of micro payments, and as a result, their money functions are expected to become more prominent over time.

Bitcoin was introduced as a pioneering cryptocurrency when the global financial markets were in crisis. The decentralized financial system of Bitcoin needs to have monetary properties such as being a medium of exchange, account of value, and store of value to become a monetary unit for financial transactions. The biggest obstacle Bitcoin currently faces or such a performance is its price volatility. This study examines the limitations of the Bitcoin system for interpreting the scope of inherent financial and security risks. In this regard, a GARCH model (1,1) has been used to analyze bitcoin volatility with respect to macroeconomic variables in countries where bitcoin is traded most. This study explores how the Bitcoin system can inherently increase financial risks under policies of influential countries such as the United States.