نشریه اقتصاد دفاع و توسعه پایدار
پیاپی 29 (پاییز 1402)

The purpose of this research is to present a model of cooperation between defense industries and knowledge-based organizations based on strengthening the civil-military integration. To achieve this purpose, the paper utilizes qualitative methods based on the Grounded theory strategy. The data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The target population was comprised of a group of executives in defense industries and knowledge-based organizations. The sampling methodology was based on the snowball strategy and theoretical saturation was obtained after 12 interviews. Analysis of the data gathered from interviews involved three stages of open, core and selective coding.The results obtained show that civil-military integration (the core code) is influenced by causal factors including: attitudinal factors in the process of cooperation with defense industries; cognitive factors involved in the process; resource dependencies and corporate cooperation; the compatibility between defense sector companies and knowledge-based organizations in terms of agility, the design of technology roadmaps, desire for creating synergies and capacity utilization; factors involved in the process of obtaining security approvals; factors related to the characteristics of knowledge-based industries; factors underlining the development of a sustainable market; factors related to the development and improvement of technology. On the other hand,  the strategies include: communication strategies for strengthening the cooperation with defense industries; strategies related to project management; strategies for support and facilitation; mastering technologies for managing change; strengthening and modifying the role of intermediary institutions; development of a technology atlas; designing a model of knowledge management; strategies related to maintaining the security of information; long-term cooperation strategies; developing the knowledge-based technology ecosystem of the defense sector; developing a defense value chain at the national level; developing the network architecture of knowledge-based companies; establishment of cooperation contracts with regards to intellectual property. Contextual factors include: the size of the knowledge-based companies; structural factors; excessive interference in the internal rules of companies; characteristics of special cooperation contracts with regards to defense products; factors related to human resources. And lastly, moderating factors include: issues related to changes in management; factors related to policymaking in the defense sector; economic factors; political factors in the defense industry; factors related to defense technology. Consequences are realized at four levels of: common consequences between the defense industries and knowledge based; national level consequences, consequences in terms of defense, consequences for the knowledge base network.

An examination of the relationship between the economics of security and economic security reveals the close interrelation between these two concepts, as well as their mutual dependence on the costs involved in maintain economic security and economic risks that affect security in general. Economics of security is a more general concept than economic security and includes the relationships, institutions, and costs that affect the management of social and economic risks that affect security. The present study first starts with a review of concepts such as security, security economics and economic security, and subsequently examines some of the methods proposed for measuring these concepts, and the proxies often used for modeling these two concepts. Thereafter, the study examines some of the economic variables and components of economic security that affect the economic security. The results obtained indicate that the welfare index has a positive and significant effect on the economics of security, and that variables such foreign investment, household consumption and inflation have a negative and significant effect on this index.

Considering the continuous support provided to the agricultural sector by the state, an understanding of the level of economic resilience of Iranian agricultural sector is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of this support. An examination of the current state of the agricultural sector shows that despite investments in production and supports provided for achieving self-sufficiency, practical challenges such as external or internal shocks and climate change have diverted production from its intended path. The significance of this issue becomes even more apparent once we consider that where production lacks necessary long-term resilience, both food security, and consequently national security, are put at risk. Therefore, the aims of this study are to first provide a definition of both long-term and short-term production resilience, and thereafter, explicate a reliable measure for examining the level of economic resilience. To achieve this goal, various methods including the Hodrick-Prescott filter, econometric model estimation, and exploratory information analysis were employed. Graphical analysis and coefficient estimation results indicate that fodder corn, a crucial agricultural input in the meat production sector of the country, exhibits the highest resilience, whilst cotton, an input in oil production, shows the lowest long-term resilience for production. Furthermore, the results reveal that in the short term the top six products in terms of production resilience are: egg products, milk, chicken meat, fodder corn, alfalfa, and red meat. Additionally, when comparing different approaches to calculate short-term production resilience, the third approach proves to be more informative than the other two methods.

Making progress in unrealized and delayed construction plans of the country has formed one the main priorities of the government in the past years. In this regard, the armed forces, with up-to-date facilities and equipment, skilled manpower, as well as many years of experience gained during the holy defense period, are in a good position to assist the government in speeding up the construction and reconstruction of the country. Considering the important role of the Khatam Headquarters in the field of construction, the purpose of this research is to provide a pathology of the role of Khatam al-Anbiya (pbuh) construction camp in the field of construction and to suggest appropriate strategies for realizing the economic resistance.This research can be classified as applied-developmental in nature, and a descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The study attempts to provide an answer to research questions by utilizing tools such as library studies, field methods such as conducting interviews and questionnaires.Based on the results obtained the impairments in the Khatam headquarters can be categorized under four main categories: strategic, structural, executive and collaboration in the oversees projects. Accordingly, it suggests appropriate strategies for the role of the headquarters with an approach based on the realization of economic resistance under the two categories of construction promotion strategies (making progress in domestic and overseas construction projects) and construction empowerment strategies (through providing a protection for the sector and discipline, leadership in productivity and efficiency, improving the financing and investment mechanisms, development of human capital, military-security and crisis management).

The existing order of the world economy is maintained through various international institutions. For instance, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as well as the dominance of the dollar and SWIFT in the monetary system and international payments, play a crucial role in the existing world order. However, their performance has come under increasing criticism in recent years. On the other hand, there have been efforts to reform the international monetary and financial order through various coalitions, among which the BRICS and its associated monetary and financial institutions can be seen as a competing and modulating approach to the existing monetary system.  This article, through utilizing the library and field methods such as conducting interviews and questionnaires attempts investigate the political and economic strengths of the BRICS, as well as the challenges facing this bloc in forming an economic alternative and effective international monetary and financial order in the future. The result of the research show that the BRICS has the ability to form an alternative economic bloc at the global level. But along this path lay various challenges which have to be resolved through the development of its alternative institutions and the creation of the conditions for the formation of a monetary union and the international payment system in the future. These efforts can in turn have an impact on the decision-making process of the international system, and lead to the reformation of the financial institutions and the international monetary system.

Considering the most important industry and the high volume of economic activities of the service sector and the role of monetary policy in these two sectors, as well as due to the activity of monetary Shocks in periods of recession and periods of prosperity.The main goal of this research is to examine and test the asymmetric effects of Monetary Policy on the added value created by services, industries, and mines in selected oil exporting countries. For this purpose, the generalized moments method (Panel GMM) has been applied for the time period from 2002 to 2020. The results obtained do not confirm the existence of an asymmetry in positive and negative impulses in the industries and mining sector, whilst the existence of positive and negative impulses was found to have an insignificant effect on the growth of the added value of this sector. On the other hand, the existence of asymmetry in positive and negative impulses in the service sector was confirmed, whilst, the effect of negative impulse on the reduction of the value-added growth of the service sector was found to be greater than the effect of positive impulse in increasing the value-added growth of the service sector. In effect, the industry sector of the countries understudy performs poorly in response to asymmetric policies, but the service sector shows a better response to positive and negative impulses due to its expansion in these countries.