Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter 2021

Recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its high incidence has made national and international health authorities focus on evaluation and development of medicines to fight against severe cases of the Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a pneumonia like infectious disease which was first reported in in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December, 2019. Due to the public health emergency, there are many clinical trials assessing the efficiency of anti-inflammatory agents (e.g. chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and NSAIDS) antiviral agents (e.g. oseltamivir, Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, Umifenovir ) and immunomodulatory medicines such as interferons. Herein, we are going to introduce currently used medicines, their mechanisms of action and the associated adverse effects. Thereafter, possible nanopharmaceuticals with disinfectant or medicinal properties are discussed. Given the current available literature, among different medicines, Remdesivir which is an antiviral agent with RNA polymerase inhibitor mechanism of action showed acceptable results and there are controversies in the efficacy of other medications.

The world is currently challenging with the COVID-19 pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2, a new member of coronaviruses which emerged in late December 2019. The rapid transmission of the disease made it a global concern that has attracted worldwide attention. As there have been no promising treatments or specific vaccines yet, the most important key to control the pandemic is an early diagnosis. Accordingly, performing diagnostic tests accelerates case detection and prevents further transmissions. Current available tests such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction have some limitations. Therefore, new strategies should be developed for accurate and rapid detection of COVID-19, a life-threatening disease. Biosensing is one of the novel approaches for the SARS-CoV-2 detection, having the potential for rapid and early diagnosis to control this pandemic. RNA, antigens, and antibodies are the main targets in COVID-19 biosensors. Although there have been limited reported studies of COVID-19 biosensing strategies, this review summarized the recent progress in this field.

The present work shows the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using C. roseus extract and its antioxidant, free radicals scavenging and antibacterial activities.

The C. roseus extract synthesized silver nanoparticles (CrAgNPs) were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy. The antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, hydroxyl radicals scavenging, superoxide scavenging and reducing power activity of CrAgNPs were determined by DPPH, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, hydroxyl radicals scavenging, superoxide scavenging and reducing power assay methods. The antibacterial activity of CrAgNPs was analyzed by Agar dilution, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration methods.

The CrAgNPs were synthesized by C. roseus extract and silvernitrate. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by color changes and UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis. The CrAgNPs were crystalline, variable size, elemental and spherical shape. The C. roseus extract and CrAgNPs have antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, hydroxyl radicals scavenging, superoxide scavenging and reducing power activity. The zone of inhibition and MIC value of CrAgNPs confirmed the antibacterial activity. The CrAgNPs have greater antibacterial activity than C. roseus extract against the S. Typhi and P. vulgaris. The MIC results of CrAgNPs confirmed that CrAgNPs was highly effective against the S. Typhi and P. vulgaris bacteria.

Phenols and flavonoids of C. roseus extract reduced the silvernitrate into silver nanoparticles. The CrAgNPs were crystalline, spherical shape, variable particles size and elemental. The C. roseus extract and CrAgNPs have antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, hydroxyl radicals scavenging, superoxide scavenging, reducing power activity and antibacterial activity.

We aimed in present study to provide solid-lipid nanoparticle (SLN) of GBE and evaluate its oral safety in the light of recent discoveries on strong inhibitory effects of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract (GBE) against Covid 19 and Influenza virus .

Morphology and particle sizes of nanoparticles were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) methods. In the next step, the release profile of 85% loaded SLNs was determined by dialysis membrane method. Acute and repeated dose oral toxicity tests were performed on selected freeze-dried formulation with appropriate stability in female mice according to OECD 425 and OECD 407 guidelines .

The spherical GBE-SLN released GBE during the first 72 hrs. In acute oral test, doses up to 2000 mg/kg didn’t cause mortality or any sign of toxicity .Repeated dose oral toxicity study on three dose levels (0.5, 5, 50 mg/kg/ day), didn’t show any abnormal change due to clinical, biochemical and necropsy evaluations but hematological assessment showed abnormal coagulation in accordance with some abnormal changes in the liver, kidney, heart, lungs and ovaries of high dose (50mg/kg) group of animals.

Repeated dose oral administration of GBE-SLN in doses up to 5 mg/kg/day was considered as safe dose level. Later studies are mandatory for evaluating the preventive and therapeutic effects of present GBE-SLN against Covid 19 in appropriate in vitro and in vivo models.

In the present paper, impacts of gold Nanoparticles (AUNPs) and Chick Embryo Extract Therapy (CEET) were investigated on the wound healing promoting properties that match the dynamic healing process of skin flap regeneration. AUNPs were developed using the high-intensity short-pulse beams mode of neodymium-doped: Yttrium, Aluminum, and Garnet photoablation method. Also, 45-µg extract from a 4-6 day chick embryo was used as a protein source for CEET. Dorsal Random Skin Flaps (RSFs) were created in forty-five Albino Wistar rats and they were accidentally assigned to 3 groups; G(C); group did not receive any treatment (control), G (AUNP); treated only with AUNPs, and G(CE+AUNP) the rats treated with AUNPs and CEET. During a random skin flap animal model, AuNPs and CE were used as solutions and convenient to deliver into the skin flap. The skin flap survival rate was evaluated in the following by a camcorder, and tissue studies were done at days 3, 6, and 9 after surgery by the hematoxylin & eosin and Masson trichrome staining. Rats treated with the AUNPs and CEET exhibited remarkably increased flap survival than the others. Tissue studies showed that AUNPs and CEET caused induction of forming the new blood vessels and stimulated the inflammation-causing reaction in an initial phase of wound healing. Using AUNPs with CEET increases the potential for a dynamic recovery of skin flap regeneration.

In this research, a biosensor was developed to evaluate VP-16 Which is used in the treatment of several tumors, including small lung cancers, testicular cancer, The sensor is generated by modifying bare GCE with Eosin-Y(yellowish)(EOY) using MWCNT electropolymerization (PEOY-MWCNT / GCE) at pH 6.0 by using cyclic voltammetry technique with a scanning rate of 50 mV.s−1 with 14 cycles for the optimum number of cycles . A number of variables were analyzed, which in turn controlled the sensor 's efficiency and functioning and were mounted for use in experiments while developing the sensor, One of these variables is to choose the best pH at which the material on the surface of the GCE electrode can be calculated to choose the best pH 7 as the best measuring variable . To ensure completion of electrochemical polymerization on the electrode surface by visualizing the electrode surface properties by scanning an electron microscope (SEM), which describes PEOY/GCE and MWCNTs/PEOY/GCE morphology, The variables related to the EOY polymerization process were tested for more accuracy in the analysis, and the best values were selected to produce the best result. The electrodes used for the analysis were then tested separately by analyzing the findings and it was noticed that the PEOY / VP-16 / GCE electrode provides a better measurement of the bare electrode and in effect the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes gives a higher measurement of all the electrodes.

Nowadays, with the increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the number of death-related nosocomial infections. In this study, Janthinobacterium lividum was grown in the culture medium with suitable pigment production conditions.The dyed fabrics were coated with two types of nanoparticles that are widely used and suitable for hospital usage. The two nanoparticles include silver nanoparticles that had antibacterial activity and titanium dioxide nanoparticles that possess anti-stain and self-cleaning properties. The fabrics were then examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy scattering analysis, and micrographs and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDAX) analysis were obtained from these samples. In order to analyze the structure of violacein and confirmation of dyeing, as well as proving the hybridization of the dye and nanoparticles through functional groups, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used. The antibacterial activity of the fabrics was also evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDAX methods showed that these nanoparticles were well-positioned on textile fibers, and the size and distribution of nanoparticles were determined. FTIR spectroscopy showed that silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles formed a hybrid with violacein. Also, the antibacterial properties of dyed fabrics, along with hybrid fabrics, were investigated. The results indicated that the fabric dyed with violacein had special antibacterial activity, which increased with the degree of hybridization with nanoparticles. Discussion and The production of a natural antibacterial dye by employing biotechnological techniques with therapeutic properties could pave the way for designing new antibacterial fabrics for hospitals to overcome bacterial resistance.

In this research, the fabrication of aptasensor prepared by immobilization of Penicillin aptamer on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) electrodeposited onto electrospun carbon nanofiber (ECNF) mat was reported to detect Penicillin antibiotic in the milk. The AuNPs/ECNF mat electrode was firstly produced using the electrospinning, heat treatment and electrodeposition process, respectively. Then, the Penicillin aptamer (pDNA) was immobilized on the AuNPs/ECNF mat electrode. The effects of layer thickness of AuNPs, amount of immobilized pDNA, incubation period of pDNA and Penicillin, temperature and pH of experiment solution on the electrochemical response were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The results revealed that the suitable thickness of AuNPs was achieved at 3mM HAuCl4concentration. An enhancement in the electrochemical current response was also observed with increasing pDNA in the electrolyte. Moreover, the increment of incubation time led to improvement of CV peak currents. Meanwhile, the maximum peak currents of CV were obtained in the solution with pH of 7 at 35 °C.

Poor solubility, low bio-stability, and the high toxicity of docetaxel medicine result in limited consumption, common side effects, and low efficacy. The current commercial form of the product, Taxotere®, with intravenous administration caused hypersensitivity due to hemolysis by separating hemoglobin and red blood cells. In addition, the patient suffers from a severe treatment regime through prolonging medicine injection. The most important advantages of medicine in cancer treatment are to consider patients' comfort, and acceptance during treatment, as well as to choose the most effective medicine to achieve the highest improvement in cancer cells. Following our previous study, in this study stabilized docetaxel loaded nanomicelles were used for the treatment of mice with C26 colon carcinoma. The synthesized nanomicelles have satisfying results on animal trials and adequate characters such as an oral form of medicine, particle size of less than 15 nm, proper PDI, sufficient zeta potential for physical stability and maintaining particle size, non-toxicity of career, and high efficacy than the commercial product Taxotere®. In addition, lower side effects of synthesized oral form medicine on the treatment of C26 colon carcinoma can be named as the other advantage of this study.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis that is distributed in around 100 countries. Preparing essential oil-based nanoformulations with the leishmanicidal effect is a promising strategy for the development of new drugs. In this study, the leishmanicidal effects of three essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus, Zataria multiflora, and Zingiber officinale against promastigotes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major were first investigated. The essential oil of A. dracunculus showed the most potent activity. After that, by adding carbomer 940, 1.5% w/v, to the prepared nanoemulsion with particle size of 7.86 ± 4 nm and particle size distribution (SPAN) of 0.96 ± 0.1, nanogel of ADEO was prepared. The leishmanicidal effect of the nanogel was significantly better than the non-formulated A. dracunculus essential oil. Interestingly, the promastigotes' viabilities at a 160 µg/mL concentration were decreased to ~ 0%. The prepared green nanoformulation could be used as supplementary drugs in cutaneous leishmaniasis.