فصلنامه سیاست
سال پنجاهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، زمستان 1399)

Abstract Civil responsibility cannot be considered as a priori and simple concept. It is a multi-layered concept that can be viewed from a variety of perspectives. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine this issue from the perspective of contemporary theorist Michael Walzer. The methodology of this research is the method of interpretation based on critical realism of Hillary Patnum. According to this study, some of the findings include that civil responsibility or citizenship is not static in terms of Wallzer. This concept changes according to the temporal and spatial conditions and justice and complex equality are also real concepts based on the conditions of time and space. Indeed, civil responsibility is the dialectic between the individual and the social group which synthesizes it creates the state. Other aspects of the subject are discussed in the article.

Historically speaking, Afghanistan has been the center of social and tribal crises. In the Cold War era also this country was the arena for confrontation of the two Superpowers. One of the consequences of this confrontation was the massive immigration of Afghanis to Pakistan and Iran. Of course in 1970's, owing to oil flourish in Middle Eastern countries, Iran was the recipient of economic immigrants from Afghanistan. However, this immigration gained momentum after the political conditions of the Cold War had prevailed, and subsequent to the withdrawal of the former U.S.S.R. troops from Afghanistan, the country plunged into tribal skirmishes and new structural complications, the consequences of which affected the lives of immigrants, and which still persists. In the post Cold War era and after emergence of new situations in the region, inter alia due to emancipation of Middle Asian Countries and the State of Azerbaijan from the U.S.S.R.'s presence, exploration of vast volumes of oil and gas in those countries, which attracted the World's attention, and cultivation of great amounts of opium in Afghanistan and the presence of international elements in management thereof, as well as the presence of the United States of America in Afghanistan, we are witnessing new forms of situation, which does affect Afghan immigrants' stay or return determination. The present article is an attempt for identifying determinant factors in immigration of Afghans to Iran.

Since the beginning of humanity, war and violence have always been with each other and women as vulnerable groups have the most impact of wars. In fact, when wars are started, women are deliberately targeted and used them to achieve their objectives by different groups. Therefore, due to the position and role of women in the family and society as a core, security and stability of countries are endangered. In a comprehensive perspective, when the countries become insecure, the international community will become insecure. As a result, it is undeniable that the importance of recognizing the adverse effects of armed conflict on women and its impact on international peace and security is essential. In this regard, the Security Council, as the United Nations Executive Director responsible for maintaining international peace and security, has focused on this issue since 1991 and undertaken three actions: 1. the concept of violating women's rights in armed conflict as a threat to international peace and security. 2. Judicial-security measures. 3. Political-security measures.

The idea and hope of changing the status quo and creating a better lifestyle is one of the most important components of the formation of a social movement. The findings of the study indicate that in post-revolutionary Iran, due to the qualitative developments in the political and social field, which can be discussed in this study in the context of the approach of political reform approach, accompanied the ground for increasing public self-awareness. The beginning of the path of reform was accompanied by influences such as the formation of a policy of difference, a belief in modern socialization, and the fertilization of a space for criticism. The effects, although accompanied by ups and downs, were able to bring about effective changes in the social sphere in the period that followed. This is the main question that has shaped the researcher's intellectual concern It is with the knowledge that the society is affected by the reformist approach in the political arena. Does Iran currently have the potential to repeat another event, such as the reform event of the 2nd of Khordad? In response to the above question; It must be said The reformist approach has been considered as the general framework of the research and in this regard, the main question of the research has been answered.

The need for government in society has been less skeptical of political thinkers than in the past. One of the goals of the Prophet's mission has been to express the necessity of government and how society is run. From the perspective of man, of course, one must pursue his own way of happiness, which also requires freedom and great freedom. The present study therefore answers the question that what is the purpose of analyzing the human authority in maximizing the realization of Islamic rule from the Qur'an's point of view? The findings of the study show that human authority from the perspective of the Qur'an considers the best model for the establishment of the state as the model of maximal religion, that is to say, the supervision of all spheres should be given to religion. Therefore, it is appropriate to refer to the votes of the people who are crystallized as human beings in order to assert some of the rights of the people in the Qur'an. In this article, we use an analytical-interpretive approach to analyze human authority in the creation of the maximum realization of Islamic rule from the Qur'an's perspective.

When Iranian intellectuals first introduced the concept of Protestantism into Christian literature, it was a completely new subject, and anyone could derive any meaning from it, which could not be regarded as a reform in European culture and religion. Iran's Situation Is the Same as Luther and Calvin put forward as Protestantism's leaders have nothing to do with religious reform in Iran and cannot simulate a precursor to explaining the concept of Protestantism in Iran and Europe with Wittgenstein's approach and language games. To explain the relation of this concept to rationality and humanism in both European and Iranian contexts and to explain the misunderstandings of the Iranian intellectuals' conception of this concept.

Moscow’s military intervention in Syria crisis follows Russia’s geostrategic profits in The Middle East. Syria crisis has formed a new shape to the kind of interaction between Russia and international and local actors. So that Russia’s strategy has been an attempt to form balance of power among powers in Syria from 2015 now on. On the other hand, competition among local actors in Syria to create hegemonic superiority in The Middle East, has provided balancing policy background from Syria to prevent form the emergence of a local hegemony. So that the contradictory alignment and approaches of the involved actors, has created a kind of proximity and companionship with Russia to balance against each other. A proximity through which Russia has balanced power with all actors besides rejecting any strategic alliance. Regarding such considerations, there appears a question that what are the features of Russia’s balance of power policy in Syria crisis? The hypothesis which has been used in the present study is that Russia has selected balance of power policy as the most efficient approach in confrontation with international and local actors in Syria crisis in order to achieve her purposes and to reinforce her position.

Although Rohingya's ethnicity in Myanmar has been Exposed threats and injuries by Burmese nationalism as well as extremist Buddhism in Myanmar since the distant past, But from 2012 to 2018, a new wave of violence against this Muslim nation happened, That's the result nearly a million people were displaced and killed. was expected that the South east Asian Nations Union (ASEAN), as the most important regional institution in Southeast Asia, has responded to this genocide, but this did not happen. Therefore, The question arises: firstly, what is the ASEAN response to the genocide in Myanmar and, secondly, What factors influenced the reaction of this union? The hypothesis of the article, which has been analyzed by descriptive-analytic method, is that the socio-cultural heterogeneity and the non-uniformity of the political structure of the member states are the most important reasons for the weakness of ASEAN's response to genocide against the Rohingya ethnicity. the findings of the paper show that cultural and social incoherence as well as the non-uniformity of political structures can be effective in the ineffectiveness of regionalism.

Al-Farabi’s methodology in reading his ancestors’ philosophy can be taken as a source of inspiration for attaining the elements of an interpretive methodology for understanding and reading creative ideas of his own and other classical thinkers of political philosophy. Based on this hypothesis, the objective of this paper is to recognize these methodological elements to “form and formulate an interpretive methodology for reading classical political philosophy”, as the main question of the paper. In this regard, the approach and the method of this paper is interpretive and the author has critically exploited Al-Farabi’s methodology as well as contemporary interpretive methodologies including Quentine Skinner’s and Leo Strauss’s. After preliminary examining, the elements of the interpretive methodology have been explained and formulated into three sections: in-text elements (contextology), out-text elements (formology and contentology) intertextual elements (intellectual chronology and intellectual systemology).

Political Islam and social Islam are among the most important subjects in Islamic world. This essay compares the viewpoint of Gülen, the inventor of Turkish social Islam and the viewpoint of Leaders of the Iranian Revolution , and discuses their similarities and differences. The comparison of social Islam of Gülen with the political Islam of Leaders of the Iranian Revolution showed that their viewpoint on religion and politics completely contradicts. In fact, Gülen sees Islam as an issue related to heart and separated from politics. But Leaders of the Iranian Revolution believes that the separation of religion and politics is not accepted in Islam. So, although Gülen promotes secularism, Leaders of the Iranian Revolution believes that secularism never has been accepted in Islam. Their ideas about democracy is near together and both of them accept democracy. Gülen and Leaders of the Iranian Revolution account women as agents of civil society, but Leaders of the Iranian Revolution believes respecting all Islamic manners is a prerequisite for women’s attendance in society. So, while Gülen recommends Turkish Islam, Leaders of the Iranian Revolution believes in pure Islam.

The question of how to read Farabi’s political philosophy, the subject matter of this article, raises methodical problems of interpreting both Farabi’s political philosophy, in particular, and Islamic Political philosophy, in general. I will present two prominent method i.e. sociology of knowledge and sociology of philosophy. After a brief explanation about the former, I will try examine the Logos of Islamic Political Philosophy, on the one hand, and Farabi’s political philosophy, on the other hand, with the latter. Based on sociology of philosophy, I will take into account the art of writing and the economy of the truth in Farabi’s point of view. At the end of the article, we will consider some of the ways of hiding contradiction in farabi’s writings. These ways are derived from Strauss’s interpretation on Maimonides. But at the outset, we should show comprehensive studies on Farabi and the problem of critical edition of his writings.

Nationalization of oil industry in Iran is one of the most important events in the contemporary history of Iran and can somehow be regarded as the first significant engagement of Iran in international politics. In the course of the events leading to and resulting from it, there were long serious discussions between Iran and Western partners, i.e. Britain and the US. While the former sought to change Iran’s policies through threats and rewards, the latter looked for compromise between the two parties. Despite threats, however, Iran did not change its behavior in a drastic way. The sole major objective of the Mosaddegh administration was to implement the law called Dispossession (of AIOC) when he could reach an agreement with the AIOC to increase state revenues, nullify the threats, and save the government. Although this has been emphasized in most analyses, it has not been addressed systematically. On the basis of the theory of ontological security and through discourse analysis, this article seeks to demonstrate how, despite the seriousness of material threats, the nationalization of oil became possible and all other options were ignored.

For the first time in the Qajar era, words and terms have entered the political and social literature of Iran, which on one hand have signaled our familiarity with the West, and on the other hand, heve evolved past terms and concepts. The usage of these terms and combinations by the influential intellectuals and clergymen was more evident in the Constitutional. The most important word and term of this period is "freedom."Which was transmitted to society in the writings and newspapers of that period by intellectuals and thinkers. Religious clerics also used these new concepts in their thinking. The concept of freedom has been studied by studying the works and books of Thiqat al- Islam Tabrrizi on his doctrines, new ideas and modern thoughts. This concept, in his view, is not only compatible with the basic tenets of the Shari'a and religious principles but also it is in line and with farored by the tenets of religion. The methodology of this research is analytical-explanatory.