نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1398)

Indigenous culture-based agriculture (permaculture) is a conscious model for employingagricultural production systems in which three characteristics of diversity, sustainability andresilience are considered. This pattern is related to sustainable rural development, diversificationof rural economic activities and increasing revenue sources from it. Due to diversity andgeographical advantages of Guilan province, the occupation of most rural residents isagriculture which due to seasonality of these activities, this style of employment could not be asource of sustainability for rural economy. Therefore, taking advantage of agricultural tourismcapacity along with proper environment management and correct use of resources can be asuitable strategy for rural development and sustainability. This study has been done withextensive review of relevant theoretical and empirical literature and library resources with theaim of introducing agricultural tourism based on local culture of Guilan province and employingit in rural tourism entrepreneurship development. The results show that the use of permaculturepattern which is derived from natural and cultural power of Guilan province, while taking careof the land, taking care of local residents and equitable distribution of income in rural areas, arevery cheap and low cost, simple, understandable and applied by local people.

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing an organizationalentrepreneurship model based on the entrepreneurial value chain in the rural productioncooperatives of Golestan province. For this purpose, the Broiler Poultry ProductionCooperatives Company in Golestan province was selected as one of the leading cooperatives forthe study. The general approach of the present study has been based on a mixed researchmethod with the dominance of a quantitative method. The target population in the quantitativesection includes members of active poultry cooperatives in Golestan province and in thequalitative section includes key informants and experts of the General Cooperative Office ofGolestan Province and experts of the Livestock Affairs and Agricultural Jihad Extension Officeof Golestan Province and university professors. The sample size was calculated 214 throughCochran's formula, which was increased to 220 to reduce the error. Semi-structured interviewand researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. SPSS20 and SmartPLS softwarewere used to analyze the data. The results showed that initial activities and support activities askey components of the value chain of cooperatives explain 54% of the changes in the dependentvariable, ie the status of organizational entrepreneurship in cooperatives. Among the factorsrelated to initial activities, after-sales service, inbound logistics, outbound logistics, marketingand sales and operations were more important, respectively. In the field of support activities,technology development and human resource management have been more important. Finally,general economic factors and environmental factors were identified as important components inmeasuring the development of organizational entrepreneurship of cooperatives.

Agriculture is often subsistence in Iran and most farmers do not have a suitable level of life.In this way, development of entrepreneurial businesses in rural area as strategy to improve ruralliving conditions and rural development has taken into consideration. Therefore, the purpose ofthis study was to study the consequences of the development of rural entrepreneurial businessesusing the technique of future wheels in Zarduee village of Paveh County. Target population wasrural business owners in Zarduee village, and 12 samples were interviewed by purposedsampling technique. The results showed that the development of rural entrepreneurial businessesin Zarduee village has created 4 first order consequences, 11 second order consequences, 16third order consequences and 5 fourth order consequences. The first order consequencesidentified are: job creation, creating more coordination among villagers, reviving the indigenouscultures of the region and making the village famous. It is necessary for development officialsand planners to include financial support, approval of the necessary budget, support laws,launching extension training courses and put incentive programs for the development of ruralentrepreneurial businesses in the headline of their program.

Today, due to problems such as population growth, unemployment, limited water and soilresources, environmental threats, low crop yields and concerns about endangering the foodsecurity; the role and importance of entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector is felt more thanever. Therefore, comprehensive planning in the development of greenhouses can play animportant role in production and entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. The purpose of thisstudy was to investigate the role of greenhouse development in entrepreneurship and productionin the agricultural sector of Zanjan province. The target population was the entrepreneurs ofgreenhouse units who are producing vegetables. Using the proportional stratified randomsampling method, the sample size was calculated 60 greenhouses. SPSS software was used toanalyze the collected data. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed by experiencedacademic and agricultural experts. The Cronbach’s alpha was calculated as 0.78 showing thatthe questionnaires are reliable. The results showed that the variables including high cost ofgreenhouse equipments and land in addition to high production risk were the main issues forconstruction of greenhouses. Expensive agricultural inputs and lack of proper mechanisms arethe most important problems of greenhouse owners. Moreover, government incentives and noneed for special expertise and qualifications are the most important factors in encouraging theentrepreneurs to invest in greenhouses in the province. Factor analysis of effective factors inentrepreneurship and production opportunities in greenhouses led to the extraction of 5 factorsnamely economic, technical-support, managerial, social and infrastructure, which explain 82%of the variance.

The purpose of this study was student evaluation of entrepreneurship services at GorganUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The research was descriptive andsurvey. The target population of the study consisted of 120 students engaged in entrepreneurialactivities at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 92 of whomwere selected as the sample of the study. Data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validitywas confirmed by the members of the dissertation committee and faculty members ofAgricultural Extension and Education Department and its reliability was calculated usingCronbach's alpha coefficient. It was 0.910 for students' perceptions of entrepreneurship servicesand 0.914 for students' expectations of entrepreneurship services. The results of Wilcoxon testshowed that students' average expectations of entrepreneurship services were higher than theirperceptions and the negative gap indicated that students' expectations of entrepreneurshipservices were not met at the University. Also, according to the mean values, the most negativegap (-15.15) is related to the item of reliable information provided by the EntrepreneurshipCenter and the lowest negative gap (-2.46) is related to the item of quick response to students'requests in the entrepreneurship services. Providing accurate, correct and based information onthe existing realities of the labor market and society to the student by the experts of theEntrepreneurship Center, speakers and fellow instructors, especially in entrepreneurship events,the University pays more attention to the material and spiritual support of students, establishmore intimate communication between professors and students and pay more attention tomeeting their training needs in setting up and starting a business, can reduce the gap betweenstudents' perceptions and expectations.

In the context of rural development, more attention should be paid to improving theempowerment of rural women and their working conditions in rural communities. smallbusinesses are a good opportunity to empower rural women and help them provide theirfamily’s livelihood and reduce rural poverty. Therefore, the main porpuse of the present studywas to explore the role of small businesses in empowerment of rural women. For the purpose ofthe study, secondary data was used and an extensive literature review was conducted on topicsrelevant to the research. In this research, in addition to an overview of key concepts and skillsneeded for entrepreneurship, the role of small businesses in empowering rural women waspointed out. In general, the research literature indicates that micro businesses can play animportant role in empowerment of rural women through creating social capital, increasingawareness, and capacity building. Finally, some suggestions were presented to empower ruralwomen throuth small businesses.

The aim of this study was to fit the entrepreneurship development model with theemployment approach of university graduates. The method of the present research isdescriptive-survey and applied from the perspective of the purpose. The method of datacollection is field and library method. Sampling method is simple random sampling. The targetpopulation in the quantitative section that has been done to validate and present the initialresearch model includes university graduates and also in the qualitative section, which is toachieve research categories includes expert university professors in the field of entrepreneurshipmanagement and expert managers in the field of employment and entrepreneurship in GolestanProvince. The samples were calculated through Cochran's formula to 248 people, which wasincreased to 250 to reduce the error and increase the accuracy of the sample size. To collectdata, the field method was used as a semi-structured interview and a researcher-madequestionnaire. To validate the components, the Delphi method in order to validity assessment,the value of t-statistic was used. The least squares method and SmartPLS software were used toanalyze the data. The results showed that the components such as integrated entrepreneurialeducation system, entrepreneurial leadership, entrepreneurship development, universityentrepreneurial perspective, graduate employability, establishment of entrepreneurial culture,academic infrastructure, graduate individual entrepreneurial characteristics, and innovativeresearch have a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship development.