نشریه دانش های بومی ایران
پیاپی 11 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The lion is a stone sculpture that has a variety of cultural, artistic, literary, social and economic uses and functions in Bakhtiari culture. In Bakhtiari, the body is placed on the tombs of sheriffs, brave men, youth and elders of the people. Various types and types of lionesses, considering the structure, tools, experience of the masters, and the process of preparation, size, shape, engraving and various real and abstract varieties throughout its installation and customs throughout the Bakhtiari region, led the author to The material and spiritual functions of the body characterize the body in the native knowledge and culture of Bakhtiari people and show the place of this ancient Iranian art in the contemporary period. This study has been formulated based on field research and conversations with the creators of this indigenous art-industry and occasionally citing library documents. For this purpose, by gathering the necessary information, recording the varieties of oral culture and literature, examples of popular creations and beliefs in Iranian folk culture and art were searched for effective anthropological research, ethnography, and nomadic cultural-literary studies

Straight Pins have been repeatedly among the findings of the metal objects of the settlements, religious sites and cemeteries of the Iron Age of Iran. These artifacts have often been referred to as "Pins" in some of the available sources. In other cases, they have simply been titled as: Garment Pins, hairpins, symbolic and votive objects, defense instruments and shrouds pins without making any distinctions and/or scientific discussions. In this article, we tried to study the various functions of these artifacts by using archaeological, ethno-archeological and historical studies. Based on the results, the studs, regarding their shape and dimension, as well as the place of discovery, had different uses such as: Garment Pin, hair pin, decoration, defensive, symbolic, votive, magic, and ritual as well as complementary and multiple applications. Also one of the functions that has been mentioned earlier in this article is its use as a tool to Ward off the ghosts and evil forces, as well as vile and harassing animals, which is still true for traditional societies and was the case with Zoroastrians from the Ancient and contemporary eras.

This article examines the concept of pain and its relief among Kurdish people living in Mukrian,, Kurdistan . The objective of this study is to examine indigenous and ethnic knowledge of pain and pain relief Kurdish people in Mukrian using the ethnographic research methods including narrative interviews, observation and Key Informant Interview. Multi-sources data obtained from prolonged engagement in the research filed (nine months) were analyzed using thematic narrative analysis and Miles and Huberman's flow model. The findings show that Despite the variety of local and traditional therapists in the Mukrian area, and the management of pain and disease using their own healing methods, pain as a difficult issue is unacceptable and personal to the Kurdish people, and they use the strategy of denial to express it, and this has been confirmed in most of the stories, narratives, and proverbs in the region. The environmental and geographical conditions of the Mukrian region provide a fertile ground for training strong and tireless people, and the culture that accompanies these conditions prevents any weakness and disability, so that people do not become weak in pain and disease as leaning against pain is not a symbol of masculinity.

the paper deals with studying production process of “Kalpouregan” pottery as an art through anthropological approach to answer the following questions: 1) What is production method of these types of earthenware?2) What are prevalent information and terminologies used in their production? “Kalpouregan” is the villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province that is well-known for its earthenware and their traditional production method being continuously maintained. Pottery performed by hand and local tools is performed just by women . it is based on their mental pattern making. Women have learned the pottery as a profession from their ancestors and this local knowledge of pottery has been maintained and transferred from one generation to the next, as a local culture. Local names selected for patterns used are considered as a part of Baluchi cultural identity and occupational dignity created by the art. through a completely local method. This field study has been performed through an approach towards anthropology; and, data have been collected through interviewing key informed persons as well as those women making pottery; photography and film taking. The outcome presents an appropriate image of Kalpouregan Pottery as a tradition; processing method of raw material; and, stages of construction and production.

Indigenous knowledge has been created as centuries of human life experience in this earth and is also specific-ecosystem. "Ethnobotany" is a new extra-disciplinarily of anthropological science and technology in the field of indigenous plant-related knowledge. Khosh Yeylagh rangeland in Golestan province has been studied due to the richness of plant species. The purpose of this study is to collect data from and identify plants having been utilized by local people. Data were recorded in both interview and participatory observation at the plant habitat. The interviewees were selected by snowball method. The local names, used organs, medicinal properties and their use were recorded for all plants. In this study, plant species belonging to 17 families, with the highest number of citations, were selected. The results of this study show that out of 30 selected plant species, 17 belong to edible medicinal, 10 medicinal and 3 medicinal industrial applications. Knowing and habitat prediction of plant species was also one of the most important practical knowledge of local people in Khosh Yeylagh. They are aware of the various forms of vegetation, organ, processes, properties and methods of using plants as food, medicine, tools and shelter in their lives.

Fuel has been one the necessary and inseparable needs of human from the beginning of collective living and habitation. After fire discovery and relying on fire for providing breads human beings discovered and used various fuels over time and after experiencing and using their sciences and also creating different tools to apply fire. The residents of Dohezar and Sehezar rural districts, Khoramabad city, Tonekabon, Mazandaran were not exceptional too. The rural districts did not have accommodation because of their geographical and mountain locations; so they provided the necessary fuel by their experiences and natural facilities in living environment. In this study, we investigated and analyzed the used traditional and modern fuels and their effect on life style, social and economical relations through Malinowski functionalism theories and anthropological methods and principles including field research, intensive method , library studies and attending the mentioned districts for interviewing .The results indicated that providing and saving traditional fuels had institutionalized some customs and behaviors among the residents of Dohezar and Sehezar rural districts. Cooperation and companionship to provide the fuels were done based on unwritten rules.