فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 77 (تابستان 1399)

In the past century, addiction has been a social issue, and in order to control and reduce the occurrence of this phenomenon, especially in the past four decades, various efforts have been made in the country, but this is constantly growing and its threat has increased due to the spread of industrial materials, decreased age of addiction, increased female tendency, and insufficiencies in the treatment of addicts. The main issue of this research is, “why most policies and programs that have been implemented to cope with addiction, have not reached the suitable results” It seems that we are incapacitated in identifying the phenomenon of addiction and theoretical foundations of politics, so the purpose of this research is to develop the theory of addiction.

The method of research is qualitative and has been implemented using the Charmazian version of the Grounded Theory Method (GTM) in order to generate new ideas and interpretations. In the first phase, ideas from lived experience became prelude to reviewing sociological theories and discovering new ideas and interpretations. Besides, ideas were reviewed and approved by the sample population. The data were collected through Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and telephone interviews. The sample population has been selected through the professional judgment of a group of managers and national experts in the field of addiction and a group of remedied individuals with high self-awareness and experiences. This article is a kind of theoretical discovery, and by adapting the findings to existing theories, in addition to deepening research findings and increasing their validity, to find a new applications of some sociological theories in the field of addiction, found that less has existed before.

The results of the study suggest the followings:1. There is a fundamental distinction between the concept of substance use and the concept of addiction. In this distinction, we can recognize the lack of feeling of being threatened with addiction, the feeling of agency and invulnerability, the functional effects of substances, and the structuration of drug addiction.
2. Drug addicts have distinctive features such as discipline, follow-up, focus on purpose, tackling obstacles, and tolerance, in line with the goals of the addiction system. We can say that no other structure has such actors. These individual characteristics are reflected in the structure of addiction and give it a distinctive features.
3. Diversity and tensions have become ordinary realities in the social system, and management of a part of diversity and tensions has been encountered by formal and informal previous structures. An addiction stress management system is structured to control a part of the consequences of these changes. This finding is consistent with Buckley’s theory of systems.
4. According to research findings, it can be claimed that the order, continuity, and functions of addiction are real and objective, so inevitably, the structure based on addictive functions is confirmed.
5. The social system to overcome environmental problems, with a dynamic balance approach, to admit some changes of the traditional structures, including family and emotional organization, economics, roles, and social group relationships. The findings of this study make it possible to include the aforementioned changes as a way of spending leisure time and accepting new types of enjoyment, increased mobility and power, greater concentration, relaxation, and avoidance of stress.
6. It seems that the addiction system has changed the major and long-term goals of the traditional social system and has changed into functional and short-lived goals. From this viewpoint, it can be claimed that drug use has a functional structure for reducing the imbalance caused by weakness in the absorption and activation of all social groups. This finding is contrary to traditional functionalism that set efforts towards predetermined goals.
7. The social system for balancing and adapting to its new environmental conditions is compelled to transform its inevitable changes into new structures. To resist in the acceptance of diversity, the differences and changes in the environment, and  to emphasize on maintaining monotonousness and uniformity, will structure the distinction into forms beyond the expectations of the society. One of these unwanted structures is the addiction system. This finding is conformity to Nicholas Lehmann’s theory,  that is related to differentiation in the system as a mechanism for adapting to the complexity of the environment around the system.
8. During the past century, the drug had been competing with other institutions. Sustainability in the goals, the span of services, multi-million population, very distinctive system characteristics of competing systems, flexibility and dynamics of structure and functions, interaction of micro, intermediate and macro levels, and dozens of other features have turned addiction into a social institution
9. Actors to search  for a sense of security, calm, and variety are trying to make the best possible choice, but the use of substances often results in a different outcome than the intention. In other words, their targeted action has an unexpected outcome. This finding is in the best agreement with Giddens ‘’ theory of the unintended consequences of agency. “
10. Only the action of the substance can activate the whole system. In this case, beyond rational or algebraic action, this includes an important point in recognizing the phenomenon of addiction. The aforementioned finding approaches the theory of action, that is relying on act rather than operant.
11. The focus of the drugs addiction can be to concentrate on a part of social communication, called the “Mediator of Social Interactions.” Drugs is presented as a new general medium for inter-system and between-system interchange and serves the expected functions of the addiction system. This medium defines identity among consumer groups and interacts with them in various events. This is consistent with the theory of “non-linguistic media of Habermas” and “the concept of the general media of Parsons exchange”.
12. The Groups of addicts are involved in certain relationships and subcultures that give them meaning and a special place in their behavior, and in addiction to the specific effects of narcotics, they have various functions, including emotional functioning and group belonging. The findings are in conformity with Gaffman’s view of “the importance of rituals in everyday life and the assurance of social relationships.”
13. The use of substances is a short way to achieve functions that in some situations, some people need them. Speed, ease, and efficiency to achieve the goal are the main indicators of substances selection by these individuals. This part of the findings of the research is highly consistent with Ritzard’s view on the Macdonaldist societies.
14. In the absence of normative frameworks that allow many changes, substances consumers rethink about the concepts of relief, pleasure, serenity, satisfaction, leisure, mobility, understanding, tolerance, independence, and the definition of a new field to have freedom of action. This finding of research conforms to Giddens’s view of rethinking traditional relationships.

The results of the research showed that existing theories were not able to simultaneously understand the mechanisms of the tendency of individuals to addictive substances, their dynamism and their system functions. These theories believe in the dysfunction of other systems, but do not add to the alternative and positive functions of substances. They put the fight against addiction on the agenda because of the threat of other systems, while under the present circumstances the addiction system compensates for the failures caused by the dysfunction of other systems and structurally designed to establish a dynamic balance in the social system.
Ethical  Consideration
Authors  Contribution
All authors have had efficient contribution on this article
Financial  Resources
There is no direct financial support from any entity or organization for the publication of this article
Conflicts of  Interest
This  article does not conflict with other articles of authors.
Following  Principles of  Research  Ethics
All  rights related to research ethics are followed in this article.

Although there has been a deep consensus among criminal science scholars about the necessity of applying punishment per se in response to the most severe criminal behaviors, human beings still tend to instinctively respond to criminal behavior with repressive measures. While there is no denial of the necessity of applying penalties in the fight against criminal phenomena, it should be noted that some societies have overused the criminal penal mechanisms and abused in this area. This is what is called “Punitiveness”. In general, although epistemic and empirical developments in the Iranian criminal justice system have reduced the severity of criminal activity on some crimes and groups of criminals, Iran’s criminal policy against narcotics and psychotropic offenses has always been on the rise. In fact, strict criminal penalties have been predicted and implemented in the Iranian penal system based on the belief that adopting a strict criminal policy on drug crimes is supposed to be helpful. It is obviously assumed that crime rate can only be controlled by increasing the severity of the punishment. However, after years of rejecting tolerant ideas in the field of drug-related crimes, this approach has gradually emerged alongside the punitiveness approach. Given that tolerant-punitive discourses in Iran have been the site of political-social conflict and, consequently, sensitive to the public, cinema has always attracted the attention of filmmakers. For this reason, one of the subjects that Iranian cinema has always been keen to reflect on is drug-related crimes. Selection of the “Metri Shish-o Nim” as a sample of this article is due to the fact that, on the one hand, it is the only Iranian film to evaluate tough control policies on “drug and psychiatric crime” and to critically analyze punitiveness-tolerant discourses in this area. On the other hand, the movie focuses on the death penalty. According to the findings, in post-revolutionary films – in this genre – the focus has been on representing that the fight against drug trafficking and addiction is only possible through strict policies and because of this default, no Iranian films have focused on assessing anticipated criminal responses in the Iranian penal system, specifically execution. In addition, due to the year of production of the movie, this work is a product of the discursive arena around the death-penalty movement in recent years.

As one of the most important theorists of critical discourse analysis, Wodak considers discourse a complex mix of discursive actions that are simultaneously and sequentially interrelated and within and across social domains of actions, genres, signs, and spoken texts. Thus, Wodak’s discourse analysis in the historical approach as a method of contextual analysis, unlike the linguistic analysis of Foucault, does not merely deal with the syntactic elements of the sentence, but it goes  beyond and pays attention to the external factors, namely situational, cultural, and social contexts. Considering language as a form of social behavior, Wodak establishes a dialectical relationship between discourse-linguistic practices and specific domains. Thus, unlike Foucault who defines language in the light of power relations and introduces it as a repressive tool, Wodak uses a historical approach to constructive and restorative approaches. To form a peaceful coexistence between different discourses using ethical approaches. In other words, Wodak’s historical approach seeks to eliminate discourses and bring them closer. In general, Wodak’s critical discourse analysis approach becomes more applicable when there are conflicting discourses around a problem. In this context, the historical approach provides a framework for bringing the conflicting discourses closer and  reaching a shared worldview on common issues.

According to the findings of the study, in this movie, the police are portrayed as an institution that endorses punitiveness policies. However, the lack of an independent body that rejects the tough policies in the movie has led the author to criticize punishment in this area through various images, sequences, and dialogues. The director rejects tough penal policy in this sphere based on four discourse components of deterrent execution and ineffectiveness of tough policies, the impact of economic inequality on crime, the failure of the police-judicial system to identify key leaders (descriptive-empirical aspects), and legislative shortcomings (normative punishment)

One of the prominent features of the movie “Metri Shisho Nim” is the extensive recruitment of criminal science concepts in both normative and descriptive contexts. The most important ones are police-judicial corruption, repressive organizational culture of the police, violations of the defendants’ rights, and the prosecution of felony charges; However, the impact of the study on the underlying layers focuses primarily on the author’s approach to criminal reactions, and in particular on drug-related crimes and executions. In fact, all normative concepts have also been used to illustrate Iran’s criminal policy in fighiting against drug traffickers (the current status) and then the director’s agreement or disagreement with the application of the policies (the ideal status). It has been well demonstrated in the work that believers in rigorous policies seek to protect society from the dangers of drug distribution and the eradication of addiction, given the concepts of deterrence and criminal efficiency. On the other hand, the second approach focuses on punitive damages in general and the death penalty in particular by rejecting punitive policies and resorting to empirical-scientific assessments. The lack of functioning of penal policies indicates the ineffectiveness of penal law in this area. The author of movie “Metri Shisho Nim” introduces himself as a “critical criminologist” in support of the death penalty movement, with a deep understanding of this discourse and in line with Iran’s historical-political perspective. However, his efforts to reject rigorous policies have drowned him in the atmosphere of the abolitionist movement. Also, the author forgets one of the most central challenges in the execution of drug-related crimes, namely the damage done to the families of the executed. However, one of the important and effective points about execution in this area relates to the families and relatives of the executed. The families of the executed persons are involved in psychological, social, and cultural issues from the moment of their arrest until the execution sentence is conducted, and consequently they experience various issues that have not been addressed in the movie. Finally, using Wodak’s historical approach and approaching two conflicting worldviews – as opposed to Foucault’s –  it may be argued that the existence of both punitiveness-tolerant ideas in the movie is to adopt a functional perspective on penalties in general and “deterrence” in particular.

The present study examines the effects of smuggling on lifestyle and livelihood of the border residents

This research is descriptive-analytic, and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes the frontier villages of Baneh, which are located at a maximum depth of 25 km. In sample selection, cluster sampling method was used at three levels of 5, 15 and 25 km distances that 380 households were selected as a statistical sample.

The results of the study indicate a significant difference in the penetration rate of smuggling at different frontier levels. According to the results, those people who had a livelihood dependent on smuggling of goods had higher economic capital, but their human and social capitals are at a lower level, also most border residents believed that smuggling of goods had a positive effect on their livelihoods and that their economic situation would be affected if the borders were closed.

In fact, the smuggling or Kolbari as an alternative livelihoods has promoted the level of household’s livelihood so that they are dependent on smuggling, especially the economic capital. Although it is implicitly pointed in this paper that influential people and those indirectly engaged in these affairs or those that have a degree of supervisory role are the ones who gain a large part of of the profits of various informal businesses, such as smuggling

In historical periods, frontier communities were mainly communities that were, on the one hand, free in a certain territory and were ready to take risks and confront foreigners in defense of the mainland and were no different from centralists; but on the other hand, they have been constantly exposed to suspicion and marginalization. In other words, in many cases, border residents have been evaluated in the context of action, along with negative aspects, and usually, aspects and cultural values ​​or economic resources and possessions or even their common historical heritage with residents within borders and inland areas have been ignored. The aim of the present study is to look at the borderline and the conditions of families and their problems by following family injuries. The existence of a border economy and, consequently, its harms on the family and the context and conditions of frontier settlement can advance the roadmap of this research through the perspective of family experts. However, it should be asked what injuries are seen in families in border areas, and what is the context of these injuries, the causal conditions, and interventions that occur, and what are the consequences? What is the relationship between the border and the family? and what changes in the face of border conditions has made the issue of family pathology important?

  Interviews were analyzed using the Grounded Theory Methodology in which it seeks the context of the formation of problems, causal and interventional conditions, consequences and strategies. Interview duration ranged from 60 minutes to 120 minutes, and interviews were conducted with three family experts and civil society activists. These included family counselors, sociologists and university professors, psychologists and civic activists, as well as assistants and experts from the Relief, Welfare, Sports and Youth Departments of Marivan and Baneh, who were interviewed at their workplaces and they were conducted individually and in the form of in-depth interviews. In terms of analytical technique, thematic analysis technique was used.

The interviews with 30 people reached theoretical saturation and in the form of 19 primary categories there were also five secondary categories: the transformation of socio-cultural values, the dominance of the border economy, Culbery and family injuries, disregard for educational and counseling issues, and ignoring new issues and family injuries. The results indicate changes in the socio-cultural system of families with the introduction of conflicting values, polarization of the age of marriage, weak intergenerational ties and the dominance of the cultural atmosphere of Iraqi Kurdistan and tourists. In this situation, the society is in a turmoil of issues and problems that need to be examined more seriously. Here, what has formed the core category is the family category in crisis. A family whose values are transformed. The conditions under which the frontier economy has prevailed and Culbery itself is the damage of this economy and the reproduction of more serious and tangible damage. Also, a situation that has led to a lack of interest in education and counseling, and the result of all this is new injuries and issues that are increasing every day and has caused a crisis in the structure and heart of families.

Economic gaps and inequalities, lack of investment and youth unemployment, and people’s dependence on unsustainable border livelihoods, rising cost of living, and the spread of border corruption are among the most important consequences of the border economy in these areas. Culbery was  cited as the situation with as harming the economy and at the same time causing other harms, such as increasing sexual and physical harm, increasing domestic violence, consuming energy for Culbery and lowering Culbery. This situation has also exacerbated the harms of lowering the age of the victims, early divorces and the prevalence of family sexual issues, the harms of cyberspace and the emotional divorce of couples, which are ignored due to the lack of education. Therefore, in order to provide any solution for these injuries, the cooperation and coordination of stakeholder government institutions, family counseling clinics, non-governmental organizations and families should be prioritized.

Each offense is affected by various factors, and in order to commit various forms of subjection, such as social, family, personal, etc., it is necessary for the normal person to become an abnormal person, and the perpetrator is to commit a crime. In this way, various factors such as  Facilitate the external and marginal factors of the occurrence of crime. Drugs and addiction as a factor exacerbate the passage of these stages and the occurrence of crime, but the notion that the mere use of narcotic drugs alone leads to crime, a judgment is not warranted, and the person must be in other ways  Including cultural, economic, educational and other ... preparedness to commit crimes, so that the narcotics and addiction resulting from it can also effect the crime and determine the crime.  Drugs and the resulting problems have become a national problem in many countries and a major international problem. The relation between the drug and the crimes caused by it is undeniable, and these crimes are divided into two categories: The first is the offenses that have a direct relationship with narcotics, such as the transportation and sale of narcotics and the second category of offenses that have an indirect relationship with narcotics, and so-called crimes of consumption, such as theft and murder.  Our country, geographically and in the vicinity of the largest focal point for opiate production and transit routes, has continued to be affected by these conditions and has not been able to protect itself from its harmful effects. Therefore, the researcher has studied the relationship between drug addiction and crime.

The research method was comparative in this research. The statistical population of this study consisted of two groups, 150 test groups, which were the group of offenders who were in prison for committing a crime; the criterion for choosing these people was that they were in time  The research was conducted in prison, and the comparison group also included 150 drug addicts who had not committed a crime, and the criterion for choosing these people was that they had a history of misdemeanors and a criminal conviction  Not be  A questionnaire was used to collect information. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, content validity was used.  In order to evaluate the content validity, experts considered the extent to which the content of the instrument was measured and the purpose of the research.  In order to evaluate the content validity in quantitative terms, two relative RMS content validity coefficients (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used, and their results were reported as optimal.  Cronbachchr('39')s alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Its value was 0.82%, which indicated a desirable reliability of the questionnaire.  KS test was used for data normalization or not, and independent t-groups, Fei Kramer and Pearson tests were used to analyze the data of the questionnaire and test the hypotheses.

The results of the study showed that there is a relationship between the type of drug used (industrial and traditional) with the crime and the type of crime. There is also a relationship between the sex of the offender and the type of crime and the duration of the addiction with a history of crime. According to the results of the research, there is a difference between the offender and the addicted non-criminal addicts in terms of economic status, self-control and differential link (socializing with criminals). In the sense that offenders are more economically weak, less self-controlled, and more socially connected with the offenderchr('39')s friends and acquaintances

Since humanity became familiar with the ill-fated phenomenon of drugs and saw its traces in his life, he was also acquainted with drug-related offenses and, at the same time or after taking, committed crimes  It was infected.  Addiction is one of the things the colonists and oppressors use as a means of destroying nations and earning huge profits. It seems that the addict often starts to consume for the first time in order to entertain and entertain, or for curiosity and ... while, after some time, he is so dependent on the substance that he constantly thinks of it and instead  He is ready to commit a crime to use and to obtain the false enjoyment that, if he was not addicted, could never commit such a crime from him, and this is very unfortunate. The delinquent behavior of addiction is inevitable, and the criminal acts of drug addicts and related with other drug crimes such as smuggling, carrying, storing and ... are very diverse.  Even in countries where the government has provided drug addicts to itself, the criminal offenses have not diminished.  The issue of drug-related offenses is one of the most complex challenges currently faced by Iranian society. Therefore, "the relationship between addiction and delinquency is a permanent and universal phenomenon inevitable".  According to the results of this study, this criminal behavior has no merely economic and material aspects and is also due to behavioral abnormalities.  It should be appreciated that, if a major step could be taken to reduce and ultimately to prevent drug trafficking, then the crimes related to these substances would be significantly and significantly reduced.

  Jihadi management has positive characteristics and can be defined by specific boundaries with conventional management patterns in the world. Freedmen are among the jihadi leaders in the country and this manpower can be used to solve economic, cultural, social, healthcare, and medical problems of society.

The method of the present study was correlation and the study population included all freedmaen covered by the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs  (Bonyadeh Shahid) of Tehran. The sampling method of the present study was cluster sampling, and 284 freedmen were randomly selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data in the present study, and the validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was reported to be 93.4%. The statistical methods of correlation, regression, and path analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS and LISREL softwares.

The results of the present study showed that the presence of freedmen in jihadi projects is respectively related to solving economic, cultural, social, and healthcare problems by 30%, 38%, 27%, and 21%, and the relationships obtained were at the level of (P <0.05), which were significant.

In general, it can be said that the presence of freedmen in jihadi projects can play an effective role in reducing economic, cultural, social, and healthcare problems at the management level in society.

Based on Statistical Center of Iran, the rate of divorce has increased in the recent decades. In this regard, there is a need to investigate the data to identify the key factors that can explain why it happens. Hence, the main goal of this study is to present an analysis of divorce phenomenon; and seek to contribute efforts as regards the social factors related to divorce among Mahmudabad’s couples applying for divorce.

The research methodology was based on quantitative methods (semi- structured questionnaire) to get information and data from couples who were heading towards divorce. The study includes all cases (couples) of divorce applicants referring to “The intervention center in the family to reduce divorce rate (Welfare Organization)” in two years, which in total included 627 cases (1396 and 1397).

The main findings of this study are mentioned in two parts. At first, the research focused on some sociodemographic variables, such as areas (city or countryside), education level, age, and duration of marriage. In the next part, the most common reasons related to divorce are mentioned. In brief, extramarital affairs, emotional divorce, addiction to drugs or alcohol, unfamiliarity or lack of life skills training, interference by family or others, sexual dissatisfaction, and economic conditions or money-related issues are cited as the most common reasons for divorce. These can explain why so many marriages fail.

based on the mentioned findings, some of suggestions and recommendations are proposed to minimize divorce that play a vital role to prevent or reduce negative consequences of breakup of a marriage in the future including, pre-marital education, life skills training programs, and revising the rules and law.

Explanation of the effects and outcomes of migration on migrants in terms of urban life satisfaction provides a perspective about the probability of continuing residency in the city or relocation of migrants, from whom the main problems of rural environments about disposal of the population can be inferred.

The present study is applied and descriptiveanalytical. It investigates the various aspects of migrants’ satisfaction from living in Isfahan metropolis, and their overall satisfaction with migration. The statistical population includes those heads of households who, in their last spatial mobility and for permanent residency, have migrated from rural areas to Isfahan city. The sample size of the study is 400 people. The data were gathered through questionnaires. Analysis of the data was carried out using some statistical tests and applying SPSS software.

Findings showed that the migrants were highly satisfied with their current migration. Respondents’ satisfaction with their quality of life, occupational status, and household income-expense were above the average level. Satisfaction with quality of life and occupational status had a statistically significant and positive effect on overall satisfaction with migration. No statistically significant difference was found between the average satisfaction level of intra-provincial migrants and inter-provincial ones.

Policymaking and planning processes should be prepared in such a way that factors underlying life satisfaction can be created and developed in rural areas too. Otherwise, the migration of the rural population will increase the problems of involved villages and cities.

Habits that keep people active and lead them to a sustainable approach, can lead to a number of health issues that can themselves bring about chronic illness and threatening consequences.

In this study, 190 patients with cardiovascular diseases were selected due to high blood pressure, heart attack, heart failure, and heart pain within a total of three months. A lifestyle questionnaire was prepared comprising 10 parts: physical health, exercise and health, weight and kidney control, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drugs and drugs avoidance, accident prevention, environmental health, and disease questionnaire was prepared including 15 questions. Finally, the research data were analyzed using chi-square test and clustering.

54.7% of patients are male and 45.3% of them are female. The average of age is 51 years old with standard deviation of ±14.7 years. The results of Chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference between the two factors of gender and lifestyle related to health of cardiovascular, and being a man did not show itself as a risk factor. The results of clustering test also showed that a large number of respondents who had cardiovascular problems and had referred to hospitals under the auspices of Babol University of Medical Sciences for treatment, they had a poor lifestyle and only a few people had a good and appropriate lifestyle.

The need to pay attention and emphasize the role of health education with the aim of familiarizing patients with a proper lifestyle makes them act as a preventive factor against the occurrence of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.

With the aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases in this age group, the importance of physical activity as a risk-reducing factor becomes clear. In this study, considering the role of social targeting, customer segmentation and physical activity positioning for the development of sports among the Iranian elderly have been studied.

This study was practical from the point of view of purpose and was conducted employing a qualitative research method based on thematic analysis method. The population consisted of specialists in Sports, Social Sciences, Psychology, Law, and Medicine. The sample was selected using purposive sampling with a conceptual saturation criterion, which was conducted after 11 interviews.

According to the three components of the targetbased strategic marketing model, segmentation criteria including individual and social characteristics, economic conditions and activity criteria were classified; factors such as contextualization, customer analysis, social system analysis, and policy coordination were identified in targeting the identified areas, and in the positioning section, encouraging the elderly to be inactive and move toward group and network-based activities were the results.

Based on the three components of segmentation, targeting and positioning, the need for people, society and officials to emphasize the use of physical activity to promote physical activity among the older adults and personal and social health of the elderly has been mentioned. As a result, efforts to activate the elderly in a neighborhoodbased manner and small-scale planning will be effective from several perspectives, including improving their individual and social health and reducing treatment costs.