فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 41 (زمستان 1399)

The judiciary in all systems of any civilization has a critical position and can pave the way for the prosperity or decline of a civilization. Among the pillars of the judiciary, the most important one is the manpower, which, regardless of the other pillars of the judiciary, can cause the efficiency or inefficiency of the judiciary. The Alavi judicial system, as a superior model of the Islamic state, has increased the importance of studying the management of human resources in this system. Implementing a descriptive-analytical method, the results of the present interdisciplinary study, after studying the judicial tradition of Amir al-Momenin (AS), according to the components of manpower management, provide significant insights into the field of job description, admission and selection of the judges, their training and application as well as their evaluation and supervision. Many of these cases that existed in the Alawite judicial system at that time, today are considered as advantages and positive points of a judicial system and organization.

Medical knowledge is one of the important sciences of civilization. Although womenchr('39')s activity in the field of family health and medical services, such as experimental therapy and even prevention of common diseases can be examined using the knowledge of home medicine, nursing, medical skills in childbirth, etc., but so far an independent study has not been done to highlight their contributions in the mentioned field. The main question is, "what were the scientific skills and experimental endeavors of the women in the history of Islamic civilization in the field of medical knowledge, medical staff and medical activities that led to the promotion of medical knowledge in the Abbasid era? The answer to this question can only be obtained in a descriptive method (based on history) as well as an analytical and inferential method (according to the sources). In fact, the sources are not explicit in providing information about the women, especially their medical services. In the Abbasid era, with the growth of civilization and especially with the emergence of powerful court women, womenchr('39')s scientific endeavors in the development of medical knowledge and the all-round growth of the medical services increased. According to the historical sources, womenchr('39')s efforts in the field of medical and treatment services, with the dedication of medical places and equipment, the establishment of the hospitals, the development of the public health, etc. were very effective in the prosperity of medical knowledge of Islamic civilization.

Different types of Islamic art have been represented in the art of other countries in different historical periods. The Romanesque and Gothic styles of art in Italy (12th and 13th centuries (AD)), which are purely religious in content and application, are contemporaries of and influenced by the Islamic art. Implementing a descriptive-comparative research method, the present study investigates the presence of Islamic art in the 12th century (AD) architecture and sculpture and the 13th century (AD) painting in Italy. The results of this study show that patterns of Islamic art, regardless of which geographical part of Islamic civilization they come from, appear in these two Italian art styles, and the study of this subject can be a source for studying the history of art in this country. One can examine its social, political and cultural status as well.

Toghra (monogram) is an originally Turkish word that is also used in Arabic and Persian languages. In the ancient tradition of the Turkic rulers of Turkestan, monogram as a written sign was equivalent to signing or approving and validating a decree. Later, with the rise of the Turks in the Eastern Islamic lands to India and East Asia and the expansion of their political power in the Ottoman Empire to the Islamic Maghreb and Eastern Europe, the monogram became widespread as a part of the Muslim administrative organization and had a special system. In addition to joining the Muslim bureaucracy, which grew to the level of a diwani, monogram also found an artistic aspect, and many calligraphers and painters experimented with it and created valuable examples of art until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The present study uses the approach of historical contextology to investigate the emergence and evolution of monogram in Islamic civilization.

There is always a phenomenon called attribution about books, historical works, travelogues, poems, etc., which indicates the existence of doubts. The attribution of the second volume of the book entitled Irshad al-Qulub to Hassan ibn Muhammad Daylami, the eighth century Shiite muhaddith and preacher, is one of these cases. The apparent similarities and the scholarschr('39') citations to the second volume have strengthened the originality of this work.  Its content differences with other Daylamichr('39')s works and the skepticism of some researchers in attributing this work, motivated the authors to clarify the dark angles of the theorems through implementing a descriptive method and doing content analysis. Using scientific and logical arguments, the attribution of the second volume of Irshad al-Qulub to Daylami was totally rejected. It seems that this work was compiled in the early Safavid era in line with the policy of recognizing and promoting the Shiite religion. The characteristics of Irshad al-Qulub, including the attraction and public interest in it and the authorchr('39')s scientific credibility are among the factors attributing this work to Daylami.

Kashan of the Safavid era, due to its special geographical location, between the two important Safavid cities, Isfahan and Qazvin, received more attention from the kings and took the path of prosperity and progress. This article tries to answer this question, "what was the physical and spatial structure of Kashan in the Safavid era?" A typical picture of the physical appearance of the city in the Safavid period is provided as an example. It is assumed that the physical changes of the city in this period have been affected by the palace, sharestan, bazaar, fence and so on. The type of study in this research is historical and the research method is descriptive-analytical using library resources and field studies. The results of the study show that the attention and interest of the Safavid kings to the development of cities caused that in this period, economic buildings (bazaar, caravanserai), welfare places (guest house, water storage, dam), religious places (mosque), sanitary buildings (bath), Residence areas(house) and burial places (tomb and shrine) were built or renovated in Kashan.