International Journal of Political Science
Volume:10 Issue: 3, Summer 2020

The aim of this study is to study the political ideas of the Fardidian circle. In parallel with the post-modernist project in the West, Fardid opened the door to an emerging intellectual system in Iran by presenting the West as a symbol of oneness and self-consciousness. Fardid believes that the only way to save society from the West is to return to religion. The truth is that Fardid's thought had many effects on the cultural and intellectual space, both before and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Fardid had a tremendous impact on the intellectual and cultural atmosphere of Iran in the period before the Islamic Revolution, especially between 1963 and 1978. This article tries to analyze the components of the political thought of the Fardidian circle by collecting the necessary data on the formation, orientation and constituent elements of the political thought of the Fardidian circle, using a fundamental research method and a descriptive-analytical approach.

Today, security has expanded beyond its traditional dimensions under the influence of the development of technology and information technology. Meanwhile, with the expansion of cyberspace and the globalization of cyberspace and the Internet, we are witnessing a new dimension of threats facing governments in the form of cyber threats that have affected various aspects of national security, including social, economic, military and political security. As a result, it has created a new kind of war and confrontation in the context of cyber warfare. Therefore, it has also affected international peace and security, and necessitates solutions to reduce the damage caused by this type of threat and to maintain peace and security in international relations. So, network security has highlighted some of the fundamental conflicts between international conflict and cooperation in strengthening cyber security. Thus, the present study intends to use the descriptive-analytical method to study and analyze the role of cooperation shaped in the form of international organizations and in particular the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, in relation to the development of security in cyberspace. The hypothesis presented in this study is that due to the widespread focus of governments on unilateral strategies and tools to ensure cyber security, international organizations can play an active role in shaping cooperation between their members in the form of approaches based on having international cooperation on cyber security and the prevention of cyber threats, as well as the creation of a shared security culture.

The Frankfurt School distorts human nature and all aspects of society in general under the destructive aspects of modernity. Therefore, it seeks to explain the shortcomings of the current situation. The Frankfurters regard modern society as utterly devoid of rationality and an obstacle to human liberation, thus making it clear that this construction, cut off from truth, has led to alienation. In this regard, critical theorists have expressed the components of alternative society and proposed prescriptive theories. In the following article, the main question is "What are the characteristics of the ideal society considered by the thinkers of the Frankfurt School?" The research hypothesis is that "the Frankfurt School seeks the utopia within the existing society and, despite the deprivation of some of the philosophical foundations of modernity, redefines and serves some of its elements, such as modern technology and economics."

Another dimension of Imam Khomeini's strategic decisions is the power of his analysis and predictions, which was confirmed in 90% of the cases studied. This component, along with the component of strategic knowledge of internal and environmental factors, acts as a complement to it; And introduces the element of time into the category of cognition and provides the power to analyze and predict future events; Which has certainly played an important role in the type of decision-making of Imam Khomeini. The present study examines the relationship between political participation and democracy with regard to the issue of electoral behavior (voting) in the Islamic Republic. Political participation is considered as one of the important aspects and indicators of political culture from the perspective of political sociological approaches; Where components such as political participation, electoral behavior, and the principles and rules of democracy are challenged. The concept of democracy here also shows to what extent political culture is based on political participation and to what extent it is based on electoral behavior; A phenomenon that is characterized by voting and attending the ballot box in terms of spontaneous and participatory interests or in terms of the efforts and competition of different parties in specific and alternate periods of time. What is the focus of our study is the study and analysis of political participation and electoral behavior during the eleventh parliamentary elections; In which, as in other election periods, there is no sign of the presence and participation of political parties or groups and currents other than the two principled and reformist currents. On this basis, the present article seeks to answer the basic question with such a premise that; "What is the relationship between political participation, electoral behavior and democratic relations or the institution of democracy in society and in the political system that governs the country?" But another question that is important in this regard is that; "To what extent does the very spirit of po- litical participation, especially in the form of electoral behavior, confirm and indicate the existence of a democratic political structure and a democratic system in society?" This question is especially important and decisive when it is studied in the light of an undeniable political fact, and that, given the findings and quantitative data related to the Eleventh Parliamentary elections. The level of political participation and the tangible (factual) effects of the behavior of this period were at their lowest and lowest level compared to the previous periods. Given the findings and statistical and quantitative data available on political participation, especially in the form of electoral behavior and the presence of people in polling stations and numerous polling stations across the country, it is assumed; In some periods, we seem to see some signs of competitive and quasi-democratic participation, which has sometimes given it a passionate, spontaneous and participatory form; But in the eleventh period, due to the conditions of the political, social and economic crisis and its consequences, the issue of political participation fell to its lowest level in the four decades after the revolution and began to decline.

The Financial Action Task Force is a young international body with rather few memberstates. However, it is quite influential and determinative in international relations, global economy and even peace process in different areas. FATF Recommendations have been approved and supported by UN resolutions and other documents issued by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. Consequently, they have been adopted by most jurisdictions and incorporated in their domestic laws and regulations. This paper tries to have a brief description of FATF methodology in evaluating how different jurisdictions comply with the Recommendations. Example are also presented about what techniques FATF assessors use to appraise the effectiveness of implementation of the Recommendations in practice. Before dealing with Iran’s interaction with FATF, the approaches taken by a couple of other countries is looked upon. Among all countries which have been the subject of the Group's in periodical Public Statements and also statements about “High-risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions”, two cases besides Iran have been selected for a comparative study of their interactions with the Group. Considering different practical approaches in compliance with the Recommendations, the article tries to first have a look at the path taken by Turkey in drastically improving its status in AML/CFT ranking in FATF reports. Then, the case of the North Korea is studied briefly. Finally, in the light of the findings and the economic, legal and political concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the possibility of reaching a reconciliation between this country and FATF is deliberated.

The concept of “law” should be considered as the epicenter of constitutionalism in Iran. Therefore, basic conflicts emerged between Sharia and the modern law, and divided clergymen into two spectrums, Constitutionalists and Traditionalist (Sharia), which the prominent representative of constitutionalist spectrum was Mirza Mohammad Hossein Naini. Based on his ideas and Ijtihad’s (exegesis of divine law), for resolving the conflicts about setting Constitutional Government, we found that, Naini considered Constitutional Government as the best political system in the age of Imam’s absence (occultation), based on nation’s will through the parliament, and by dividing the Sharia law in two groups of "Mansoos" (based on Quran and Hadith) and "Gheyre Mansoos" (not based on Quran and Hadith), put the concept of law in the realm of Gheyre Mansoos laws which could be passed and enforced by nation’s representatives in parliament. In this article with the analytical method and by citation of historical written texts, this issue is clarified.