مجله منظر
پیاپی 54 (بهار 1400)

Persian Garden  is one of the most significant symbols of Iranian architecture, which has been the result-of flow-based approach toward the environment. The Persian Garden  is a glorious sample of design and regenerative development. The term "regeneration" describes the process by which a system of reconstruction, renewal, or regeneration incorporates its inherent resources and creates sustainable development. This sustainable development, links the needs of society to nature. Meanwhile, current available strategies in sustainability only investigate the state of ecosystems in the "present" time. This dilemma has caused the "sustainablity" approach to be expressed without focusing on "improvement of the past." The regenerative theory has taken its core ideology from philosophical perspectives, which are based on "ecological" concepts, and, by strengthening its origins in social and environmental systems, it guides a wide range of concepts and approaches. The Persian Garden  is a "unique network", "multilayer" product, and is "consisted of living systems within a geographical area"; This product is the result of a complex interaction of "time," "ecology" and "culture." The hypothesis of this research is that Shazdeh Garden reveals the concept of design and regenerative development. In this study, it has been tried to investigate that how Shazdeh Garden have represented the defined frameworks of regenerative development; Accordingly, the analytical framework of the LENSES has been used as an analytical-measurement tool, and evaluation worksheets were utilized in order to measure and evaluate the flows that have shaped the regenerative development in a multi-layered network as Persian Garden. Evaluating Shazdeh Garden with the LENSES executive framework leads to a deeper understanding of the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural situation. As most of the focal points in the regenerative flows of the Persian Garden  are constructive, it can be stated that the initial hypothesis of this study has been confirmed. The findings of this study are appropriate basis for possible future investigations in order to focus on sustainable aspects of the Persian Garden  as a repeatable regenerative model for urban spaces.

In recent years, many projects have been implemented that, despite their potentials, have not left any noticeable impact on the tangible quality of the city and have not affected the way the citizens assess their habitat due to various reasons. The current disorganized urban landscapes lack the semantic and qualitative aspects despite the authorities’ efforts for implementing a large quantity of projects. This has led to people’s dissatisfaction since these projects are management-oriented projects that lack public participation. If the urban projects are considered as “landscape” projects, public participation might become more institutionalized. The landscape approach can also guarantee infrastructural participation in urban projects. Therefore, the main research question is, “what specific capacities are there in the landscape approach that makes it appropriate for realizing the concept of participation?” This study aims to investigate the theoretical relationship between the concept of landscape, as a concept related to the audience, and the concept of participation to increase the quality of urban projects and result in people’s satisfaction. In this qualitative research, first, the main concepts of the research (participation and landscape) are examined. The next step investigates the relationship between the concept of participation and landscape and the definition of appropriate participation in landscape projects, using analogy and logical reasoning. The results showed that in landscape definitions, the audience’s perception is the most significant issue. Therefore, the landscape definition is basically a bottom-up definition and is configured based on the audience’s point of view. This view explains the main capacity of landscape in realizing participation because the definition of participation is also derived from a people-oriented view. Other landscape capacities include how the audience affects the landscape or how they are affected by the landscape. The audience’s active role in building landscape and the consideration of landscape as a democratic, social, and people-dependent entity are other landscape capacities. They also emphasize the relationship between landscape and the concept of participation. Finally, it can be indicated that if urban projects are built according to the landscape approach, maximum participation will be achievable because they inevitably focus on people’s mentality.  Overall, participation is a concept embedded in landscape.

Road development has been one of the requirement for economic development in any historical period. In the old days, caravanserais were built for various reasons because of the vastness of Iran and the need to establish connections between different cities. These construction came in over years for a variety of reasons. These building had other functions rather than providing only a systematic opportunity for travellers and caravans which is taking rest, and also to exchange comes to examine in the possibility of turning it into a historical landscape which is used in tourism, data collection has been done through documentary technique and library studies by examining authentic magazines and books about the caravanserais. In this analysis, through the subject landscape, the functions of the caravanserai are identified and the functions are divided into eleven main categories. By analyzing these functions, it seems that the caravanserais, by their congruent function in different periods of time, have been able to have a special place in the economic, cultural and commercial processes. The narrative of the landscapes functions provides appropriate capacity to create a single tourism aspect and destination.

The Persian Sassanids Empire, were the originators of a magnificent culture and art representing the ‘Parthian’ and ‘Achaemenid’ legacy with all its naturalistic manifestations. There are numerous architectural works, reliefs, paintings, woven fabrics, antique dishes, metal objects, glass things and war ordnances that have been remained from this era due to the presence of treasured coins with symbolic engravings and the calligraphy of Pahlavi era. The Sassanid art is considered as the ‘Modern Persian Art’ comprising the past traditions, and has established the Persian Paradise or Earthly Heaven in the history of world architecture by presenting the magnificent and distinctive landscapes in the form of holy sanctuaries/worship places, palaces and hunting grounds. Additionally, in the fields of architectural decoration, relief, fabric designs, ancient utensils and objects, the Sassanids were applying the natural elements in a symbolic form. The Sassanid art has been appeared in a wide range of lands from ‘Fars’ (Persia) to ‘Ctesiphon’, ‘Kermanshah’, ‘Sistan’ and ‘Azerbaijan’, relying on the naturalistic ideas and believes in the goddess of Mehr and Anahita, and following the Zoroastrian believes, as valuable works in various branches of art has been remained accordingly. Most of the architectural works of this time, including worship places, palaces, hunting grounds and 34 ‘reliefs’, have been established t next to the Natural elements such as mountains, water and trees in the heart of Nature. The Sassanid can be considered as the greatest landscapers in the history of Iran (Persian land), as the worship places, palaces and hunting grounds, and their ‘relief’ on mountain walls and cliffs can be referred to as the great indication of these architectural works.

Visibility of focal points is the result of visual information on the retina and how the form is perceived. Developing the principles of visibility of focal points requires understanding the visual space in the "horizon dimension" and "distance dimension" and background signals. How can the focal points (urban landmarks) be located based on the visual illusion and the effects of the background (annoying) elements? In general, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that can be used to increase the visibility of the focal points of the city by arranging buildings and designing urban space and architecture Research is developmental in terms of nature and causal method in terms of purpose. Geometric modeling and virtual reality techniques were used to measure the relationship between physical structure, visual perception, and visual illusion. A case study of the focal point and indicator of the holy shrine of Razavi and sidewalk buildings of Ayatollah Vaez Tabasi was modeled with sketch up software. Based on the research literature, there is a point (M) in the visual corridor, where, based on binocular vision, the height of the focal point and the marker are equal; before that, the focal point height is perceived higher than the marker height but after that, is perceived smaller. Therefore, based on geometric calculations, the position of point M was modeled according to the height of the focal point-marker and the distance from the focal point to the marker. according to the three-dimensional model of Ayatollah Vaez Tabasi sidewalk to the holy shrine of Imam Reza by virtual reality technique, the accuracy of the model was confirmed. Therefore, the arrangement of urban signs should be done following this issue in urban space.

This study attempts to investigate "The Role of Vegetation on Social Abnormalities". It aims ultimately to increase the sense of security by reducing the negative aspects of vegetation in urban parks. This research focuses on creating sensible experience for urban park’s consumers. To this purpose, first theoretical studies is reviewed, then field studies and recognizing the current situation of vegetation in Shush Park in Tehran and finding its relationship with the level of social anomalies and the feeling of security, after that making a change in the vegetation and uses in this park by benefiting from the research achievements in the previous two stages, and finally measuring the success rate of the research project by qualitative research method is maintained. Basically, the type of plant cover is as an independent variable and user behavior as a dependent variable. As a result, it is vital to boost the feeling of security in Shush Park, and also to change the park's vegetation. Therefore, to better understand this study the graphic plan cards are included at the end. Each graphic plan card shows the location of social anomalies in Shush Park before and after vegetation changes in the spring of 2006 and 2008. This comparison clarifies that the vegetation of Shush Park reduces the occurrence of social anomalies and increases the sense of security.

Within the recent year (2020-2021), it has been decided to register the current Hor Square’s status as a national monument, since it has been presented in Tehran urban space for many years. The status is one of the urban sculptures that has been interpreted in different ways due to the indirect reference of the status to a specific subject. These diverse and in somehow related interpretations, which have caused the statues to be survived until now, in spite of the political and governmental changes- as a component for removing the statues- seem to record some statements and perceptions, relatively far from the original reality; There are some relevant declarations such as the relation between the construction of the statue and the liberation of Azerbaijan from the Soviet occupation in 1945, which have been proposed by the authorities and researchers in various media, publications, interviews and news reports, without paying enough attention to the original date of the installation. Under these presumptions, this short paper intends to provide the reliable documents about the original date of the status’ installation, which have either not been proposed yet or have been rarely observed by now.