فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 40 (شتاء 2020)

As a pioneer in Iraq’s modern poetry, Shathel Taqa’s poetry instantiates variegated legacies, wherefrom the religious one has received more attention than the others in his oeuvre. He highlights evil figures in religious discourse such as Cane, Judas Iscariot and Al-Masih ad-Dajjal as the source of oppression and bloodshed. Through employing this discourse, the poet expresses human crimes and stages a revolt against any oppressor on the earth who has unlawfully brought nations under their dominance. A great poet with a high poetic talent, he has not, however, received the critical attention he deserved, causing him and his work to be disregarded. The study therefore attempts to bring to the fore Taqa and his work through analysing evil figures in the religious discourse as depicted in his poetry and the techniques he employed. The results indicate that the tumultuous socio-political condition of Iraq and Arab world impacted greatly on the poet’s emotions, ignited his sentiments and made him draw on religious figures including evil ones. In employing these figures in his poetry, he tried to maintain the consistency between form and meaning and the coordination between expressive techniques and poetic themes. He used a variety of techniques, including religious discourse, fictional mode and symbolism.

Ecofeminism is one of the movements which fights against any form of domination, hierarchical male / female dualism, contradictions, and conflicts between them. Eco-feminists believe that violence against the mother of nature and women, the inheritance of patriarchal culture and many feminine variables are imposed on women by men. The negation of feminine values, men's domination and dominance, simultaneously against nature and women is one of the ecofeminist components depicted in the fig tree temples novel. Therefore, the present study, using descriptive-analytic method, has investigated on the relationship problems between women and nature, violence against nature and woman, men transcendent and humiliating women, by using ecofeminists’ opinions in the fig tree novel. The research results show that women have a close relationship with nature and have been very responsive to its destruction. Violence against nature and women by men, is portrayed greatly in this novel. Violence against the environment, including the destruction of flowers and trees, capturing of birds and animals, environmental pollution and urbanization, and the simultaneous violence against women, have manifested physical, verbal, erotic and economic vision and have caused irreparable damage to them. Nature and women have been become commodity, instrumental look and double exploitation of them both illustrate the hegemony of male / patriarchal power as well as the marginalization of women in the novel.

Language is the most important means of communication among human beings, which has been always the focus of attention. Many philosophers have studied language. A group of linguists consider language as a system of meanings and many others consider that as a set of conventional signs. Sociolinguistic theorists as well as the Feminist critics specifically the post-modern feminists such as “Sarah Mills” have offered theories on the linguistic features of the works of women and their differences with the works of men; By so doing, they emphasized the issue that gender, race and class differences etc. impact the method of language use. In the present research, we first investigate the theories of feminist criticism and then we refer to the linguistic theory of Sarah Mills and analyze the latter theory in the novels of Belgheis Soleimani at three lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. The results of the research show that the language of the characters of her novel are significantly influenced by the author’s gender and that the author has been successful in creating a language commensurate with the gender of the characters of her novel. This paper was prepared based on analytic-descriptive method.

Metaphor is one of the most important topics in cognitive linguistics. Cognitive metaphor has many conceptual domains, including the domain of origin (perceptible matter) and the domain of destination (abstract matter) and mapping (matching the characteristics of two cognitive domains that approach each other in the form of metaphor) and includes a diverse set of It is a visual schema that arises from the power of perception through visualization and makes it possible to categorize intellectual phenomena based on daily experiences. Types of visual schemas include: volume, movement and strength. This study is based on the cognitive metaphors of Lykoff and Johnson and aims to evaluate the cognitive metaphors and areas of origin and pictorial schemas in the collection of "Negative Impact" by Adnan al-Sayegh, a contemporary Iraqi poet, it has relied on descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that the domains of origin are: human, animal, plant, object, time, taste and food, building. The human sphere is divided into two parts: tangible and abstract, and the common point between the two is the expression of the poet's ideology and feelings. In the realm of the object, rational concepts have the properties of objects. " Volumetric schemas have been used extensively, and abstract affairs have taken on a spatial dimension. The movement schema, "Life is travel," had the highest frequency. This schema indicates the dynamics of the image and the poet, and the power schema is divided into two parts: the poet's encounter with the obstacle and his resistance to it.

By carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creating different relationships between different texts and creating systems, encoders, cultural styles and descriptive rules, as well as discovering relationships between different texts, in turn, leads to uncovering common connotations and similarities between them.  Hence, the "novel of the secret history of ancient Persian heroes", with its historical, scientific, ideological, social and cultural relations (along with other texts), provides a suitable ground for studying the foundations of "Transtextuality", including descriptive and analytical methods as well as its various characteristics.  They are Intertextuality, Hypertextuality, Architextuality, Paratextuality, and metatextuality or textual transcendence. Therefore, this research studied and explained all the real events and allusions of this work and matched them with previous texts, to find out how Dr. Shamisa was able, by providing an appropriate structural space, to make the reader go towards knowing the foundations of sociology. To what extent has it succeeded in creating a intricate network  of Transtextuality by creating a similar content and structural space by changing the volume and content of previous texts, and shortening and lengthening their time domain (Hypertextuality) as well as by consciously interfering with literary genres (Architextuality)? .

Dystopia, corrupt city, or bitter reality literature is a result of prevailing social and political variables and events. The poet in dystopia depends on the community or the city, and the main factor for the emergence of dystopian elements in the poetic structure. Dystopia manifested itself in the poetic works of ‛Alī Kan‛ān in a remarkable way, and we also reveal the mental and spiritual dimensions of dystopia from various angles, by applying them to examples of ‛Alī Kan‛ān poetic texts, in order to reveal the connotations of this literary phenomenon. This article relies on his study of all kinds of dystopian literature in its poetic lines and then mentions its characteristics and influence in his poetic output, so that we look at the characteristics of this environment in which he lived, and that we arrive accurately at the writer's vision about the corrupt city. Based on this, the research seeks to identify the role of human, social, political, and economic events, which play an important role in obtaining the new meanings of ‛Alī Kan‛ān’s poetic texts and the diversity of their meanings in terms of dystopian literature, with an approach characterized by a descriptive, analytical and the library research method. In this research we concluded that the poet strived in his literary works to give us an honest picture of the corrupt city and its negative impact on society