نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 12، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Coexistence of poverty and geographical space is a conceptual formation implying the importance of capacity building in producing space for sustainable development. Capacity building is a procedural concept. Practice of democracy and production of civil living space for participation and transition to the social development are more important in contemporary modern urban planning. Now we know communities and civil societies are the main factors making democratic space to growing actors and private sector institutions. This study aimed at conceptualizing social matter priority and social development capacity building in the sustainable urban development process. The approach is descriptive-analytic and the method is survey. The independent variables of the study were tested through a close-ended questionnaire on a Likert scale. The population consisted of all households in Karmandan and Islamabad neighborhoods of Zanjan city with a population of 13368 and 35820, respectively. These two neighborhoods are of different social, economic, cultural, physical, and environmental backgrounds. Results of one sample T-test shows significant relationship between sustainable development and the local community development capacity building. The factorial analysis addressing the second hypothesis indicates that the economic factor with an average of 0.700 and institutional factor with 0.736 have the highest impact on the spatio-locational context of the community capacity building. Second hypothesis T-test also signals a significant relationship among the variables of eightfold factors affecting capacity building background. The findings suggest micro spatio-locational planning of the urban neighborhoods with special emphasis on cultural, social, and economic backgrounds, locationally improving poverty-stricken neighborhoods, and collecting micro-components to regenerate the neighborhoods.

This study was conducted with the aim of providing different options and determining the most appropriate direction for the future development of Bojnourd city as determining the appropriate direction for urban development in urban planning is under-studied and many of the problems of cities seem to be the result of urban development policies. The study applied a descriptive-analytical method and described the characteristics. For analyzing the criteria and to provide the appropriate development direction, Analytic Hierarchy Process (ANP) model, network analysis technique, fuzzy logic and layer overlap technique were used. For the purpose, in the first place, all required natural, physical, economic, and human indicators with two dimensions of internal development having ten indicators (route, population density, land price, brown lands, heritage privacy, impenetrability, construction density, building floors, and grading) and external development including seventeen indicators (fault, slope, height, river, water well, rural settlements, land use, cemetery, slaughterhouse, airport, factories, communication roads, surrounding towns, energy zone, and conservative green spaces) were identified. Standardization and integration of layers were done using overlap methods and a combination of maps and weighting by ANP network analysis method. Combining the obtained maps using GIS software, the final map of appropriate directions for future development of Bojnourd was determined and presented in two priorities of internal development and external development (that is, in the southern and southwestern directions of the city with priority in four proposed sites).

 Cities today face many challenges in terms of economic, social and environmental issues. Meanwhile, population growth along with an ever-increasing proportion of urbanization has had a damaging effect on cities. The continuation of this urbanization with social, economic and environmental problems is a crisis and a warning to the unsustainability of cities. Meanwhile, other problems greatly reduce the quality of life in cities. Therefore, the necessity and importance of discussing the quality of life in all cities, including the city of Abarkuh, is quite evident. Today's indicator of the progress of a community is the quality of life. In recent decades, quality of life has been one of the most important points in urban geography, and numerous experimental studies have been conducted to assess the quality of life in different cities of the world. This is due to the increasing importance of quality of life studies in monitoring public policies and their role as an effective tool in urban management and planning. The aim of this article is to evaluate the quality of life indicators in Abarkouh city. The methodology of the research is based on the purpose of the application. By nature, a descriptive-case is a case that is distributed by SPSS and Excel software and statistical methods such as factor analysis and regression, distribution and completion of the questionnaire (300 items) Surveying studies in Abarkuh city, the historical study of the concept of quality of life, and using various theories, has examined the status of citizens' quality of life in the city of Abarkuh. The experimental results of this study show that: 45.9% of Abarkouh citizens were satisfied with the quality of life and 32.9% were dissatisfied with the quality of life, and 21.2% of the respondents were in the neutral category. In the end, solutions and suggestions are presented. 

Cities have become a regional phenomenon both physically and functionally in recent years. Thus, by the change of the ontological status of space, logic and meaning of place in a new context have been interpreted in the new context. Central Mazandaran has faced the challenges of functional segregation due to lack of integrated regional development strategies, lack of attention to competition or cooperation of centers and urban areas in the network. It seems that under the existing direction of spaces, the conducted researches will not be able to describe the integrity, function and structure of the urban network in the province. The study used descriptive-analytical method and network analysis tools to explore the components and indicators of spatial interaction analysis and to study the spatial pattern of central Mazandaran urban network by analyzing the origin-destination data for the year 2018. The results showed the formation of a multi- base centered system and even a balanced network in the region. Therefore, by evoluting the new pattern in the region, there is a need for change in approach of spatial planning based on the economic advantages of network. The relations among the bigger cities are not seen only competitive but they should be complementary with each other. Moreover, the results of social network analysis indicated that the morphology of the polycentric region of Central Mazandaran has a significant influence on the area as the form of the region is such that the adjacent cities follow the cluster pattern and have a network structure.

Studies show that stress in cities is increasing, so that the 20th century has been called the century of management and communication, and the century of stress and anxiety and nervous disorders. In this regard, the old fabric of cities, which is based on the pure principles of local architecture and urban planning, has undergone changes and contradictions with the formation of recent developments, and has lost much of its past peace. The study sought to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on stress in the Sirdeh neighborhood in the old fabric center of Sabzevar. Data was collected through a questionnaire of environmental factors in creating stress in urban environment and also the standard Dass questionnaire for measuring the received stress. Relying on Cochran's formula, 365 residents of the neighborhood were selected to complete the questionnaire. Analysis of the results by measuring Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between environmental factors and stress in the environment. It also showed that the environmental quality factor has the highest relationship and environmental climatic factors have the lowest relationship with citizens’ stress. The results of regression analysis indicate that environmental qualities along with the quality of visual elements and the regulation of environmental conditions together overshadow 64% of citizens' stress. Analysis of variance also showed that young people aged 20 to 40 years were more affected by environmental stressors. Overall, despite numerous stressors such as poor environmental quality, low security and overcrowding, with proper planning for solving problems and increasing the quality and environmental facilities and security of the neighborhood, it is possible to recreate dynamic, safe and quiet neighborhoods in accordance with its originality.

The mosque as the first and most important social institution of Muslims has many duties and functions, in addition to the most important function of worship, there are educational, social and cultural activities in it. Due to the supply of various religious and social functions and activities, the mosque has the ability to strengthen social interactions and expand the functional networks and increase social capacities. The purpose of this research is investigating the role of mosques in the social sustainability of the Qaen city. In this research, the role of the mosque in relation to social sustainability from the standpoint of justice, participation, awareness and social solidarity, and quality of life has been investigated. The overall research approach is a type of quantitative research, and in terms of data collection method, is based on library and field data. In order to distribute the questionnaire, a sample of 100 people was examined. A simple random sampling method has used to distributing the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics indices such as frequency distribution and inferential statistical tests such as single sample T-test, Chi-square and Friedman. In general, the results indicate that the mosques in Qaen city have promoted quality of life, have improved justice, and have increased participation among the people. Also, the results showed that the mosques in Qaen city did not affect the promotion of public awareness and social solidarity.

Events such as artistic cultural festivals and ritual festivals are among the most important factors for attracting tourists. Every year in spring, in the mountainous areas of Kashan, cultural and ritual festivals of flowers and rose water attract thousands of tourists. Therefore, the festival will be held as an effective event in the development of tourism every year in the tourism areas of Kashan and this attracts many tourists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of event advertising on visitor's attitudes toward the city as well as their purposes for visiting the host city. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive in terms of method. Questionnaire has been the main tool for collecting data. The statistical population of this research includes all inner and foreign tourists of Qamsar city of Kashan who participated in the festival of rose water in May, 2018 and 384 people were selected for sample size by sampling method. Data were analysed using SPSS and LISREL software. The results of the research show that the high image matching between the special event and the host city in event advertising has a significant effect on the attitude toward the host city, the intention to visit it and selection of it as a famous city.

Children are experts regarding their needs in the city and will become the future urban designers and decision makers. Planners should pay more attention to the process of urban planning. Urban planning for children and adolescents is currently regarded as planning for a majorly unimportant part of the society. The main question posed in the present study is on the effectiveness of contents of educational system courses in student’s understanding of urban affairs and planning concepts. To find a proper answere this question, the Social Studies Textbooks of the fourth, fifth and sixth grades in 2017-18 academic year were examined using content analysis. Content analysis is used for objective and systematic description of the contents of a particular text; here, these contents were analyzed using William Romey’s method. To examine and analyze the data, subjects related to participation were identified by studying Social Studies Textbooks. Accordingly, the most important effective components of participation are knowing the city and its primary parts, and instruction of citizenship rights, the way of participating and communicating with others.  Based on the analytical findings of the study, the most effective educational category for children at the second grade with the highest conflict coefficient was “how to communicate with others”. Furthermore, in association with “citizenship rights instruction” with average level conflict coefficient, cooperative participation can be expected due to its emphasis on attendance at events and presence in public projects. Finally, in the category of “knowing the city and its primary parts” which is related to children’s familiarity with the concept of city and its development process, subjects that should be taught to children are assigning projects to children, actual practices, and participation in design. Nevertheless, this category involves the lowest conflict coefficient and lowest educational system impact.

Regionalism is a critical view to architecture that tries to stand up as preservation of the characteristics of a place and can be seen as theory of reference to establishing harmony between people, built environment, and nature. Using textual forces, this approach saught to confront the placenessless of modernism to obtain meaning and a sense of place, and at the same time saught to fill this void, which is deeply rooted in the gap between thought and feeling over the last century. The current study attempted to present the importance of this issue, its different aspects and an approach called regionalism in architecture to show why and how this concept with its different aspects, is shaped through local discourses, on the one hand, and the global challenges, on the other hand. Therefore, reviewing the characteristics of regionalism based on the pioneers’ view and its approaches due to its mediation role between tradition and modernism in contemporary buildings in Mashhad can be considered as a discipline for identity crisis in Mashhad. Employing a mixed method, research design was based on deductive logic and through library sources and case studies. In this line, 27 prominent bulidings in Mashhad were selected as statistical population. A questionnaire was designed in a Likert scale and were answered by 25 experts in the same field in Mashhad. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicate that the principles of regionalism in Mashhad are not compatible with the contemporary needs because they are more of a symbolic and historical extensions to the modern facade and can be considered as the worst kind of regionalism in which images of traditionalism are combined with the imitations of past stereotypesand draw on the bodies of modern buildings.

Urban management is a necessity in integrating and coordinating the urban system. One of the requirements of efficient and effective urban management is moving towards good urban governance, which is impossible without the three components of transparency, accountability and participation. One of the proposed solutions in order to increase public trust and create greater interactions with citizens for municipal management bodies and specifically municipality and the Islamic council of the city, is preparing a set of transparency instructions for the performance of urban management system. Instructions promotes transparency and raises public awareness towards governmental and nongovernmental organizations. In other words, transparency is a constructive element in raising trust in organizations, which will be able to bridge the gap between urban management authorities and the public. The main components of this instruction are economic information, citizenship, laws, regulations supervision, control, human resources, and urban studies. The research saught to do an applied study through survey research method. In this research, interview with experts and professors in urban management was used to collect data, and MAXQDA software was used for data analysis. The findings of the study indicate that the level of transparency in urban management of the country and the city of mashhad is inadequate, and to solve this problem, preparing a comprehensive instruction for transparency is manatory. Finally, the aforementioned transparency instruction was adapted for use in Mashhad’s urban management system by conducting interviews, analyzing interviews data, and reviewing documents, laws, and regulations.

Acceleration in the construction of high buildings in Mashhad over the past 17 years has caused confusion and concern in the proper implementation of rules and regulations. This study evaluated the correspondence of the implementation of 220 buildings of Mashhad having more than ten floors during the period 2001-2018 with the rules and regulations of 28 approved detailed plans and high construction Part plan. For this purpose, using descriptive and survey research method and correlation analysis, four important issues of criteria including the number of floors, density, occupation level, and land use were analyzed. The results indicate that two criteria of number of floors and density of buildings are three times the approved standard and the use is not very adaptable and is only lower than the approved amount in terms of the level of occupation of the existing conditions. A comparison of existing high buildings with the approved high-level criteria of Mashhad city also indicates that the criteria of the number of floors, density, and percentage of occupation level have not been observed. They are meaningful. Therefore, despite the approval of the high-rise plan of Mashhad in 2006, this plan is not based on the needs of high construction and needs to be modified according to the criteria of these plans. Finally, improving the criteria for making high buildings in Mashhad, determining the skyline of existing buildings and preparing a plan based on it, and determining the appropriate areas for high constructions and preventing scattered construction were suggested.

Central part of cities have high potential for enjoying the geographical and economic centrality, and historical cultural characteristics. The central parts of cities are usually encountered with fabric, environmental, social, and economic exhaustion intricacy as well as weak infrastructure. Hamedan's central part is faced with such problems. A novel approach with an integrated view which covers all raised aspects is the stable urban recreation approach. This study aimed at analyzing the situation of stable recreation indicators and access to prospective scenarios in the central part of Hamedan. Data was obtained using documents and questionnaires. First of all, six parts of the city were ranked based on the perspective of sustainable urban regeneration indicators using fuzzy ELECTRE model. In a way that parts 1, 4, and 5 have higher sustainability regeneration status. Examining the current situation, to achieve prospects in the central part of Hamedan via Wizard Software scenario through forming, a 30 by 30 interaction matrix, in general, two powerful scenarios, twelve unbelievable scenarios, and two hundred and forty two weak scenarios were obtained. Results revealed that three scenarios of Hegmataneh, Darineh, and Eraq-E Ajam with extremely high probability of occurrence are the conditions encountering Hamedan in the future. In the first scenario called Hegmataneh, there are desirable conditions based on the urban resilience, timely raising of the budgets and credits, quick and cheap construction technology, and guaranteed residence security. And the Hegmataneh scenario is the most optimal scenario for sustainable regeneration of the central section of this city.