مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 34، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1400)

Triangulation is a term referring to the coalition of a child or a third party with one parent against the other parent.

The aim of the present study was to anticipate triangulation based on the dimensions of family adaptability, coherence, personality characteristics of oneself and the spouse, as well as the emotional experiences of the spouse among married women of Isfahan. 

The research was conducted in a descriptive-correlational method, and the population of the study included married women from Isfahan in 2019. The sample of the study were 220 Isfahanian married women who were selected by availability sampling. The research instruments were FACES-IV coherence and family adoption questionnaire (Olson et al., 2006), triangulation (Bahrami & Yousefy, 2017), Five-Factor Model (FFM) on the recognition of the spouse (Shah Mohammadi & Yousefy, 2017), and emotional experience with spouse (Ghafrolahi and Yousefy, 2018). The data collected were analyzed through SPSS-22 software.

The results of the regression analysis revealed a meaningful correlation between triangulation and negative emotions (35.016), unrestrained cohesion (0.138), spouse conscience (0.327), strict adaptability (-0.587), female neurosis (0.607), positive emotions (-0.528), irregular adaptation (-0.248).

The results of the present study could be applied to identify triangulation in couples counseling and accordingly employ either prevention or intervention methods.

Patients with social anxiety suffer from interpersonal sensitivity and experiential avoidance. One of the most recent treatments applied for anxiety disorders is acceptance and commitment therapy.

The purpose of the current research was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal sensitivity and cognitive flexibility in students with social anxiety.

In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, 24 students from Kermanshah university of medical sciences (2018) who suffered from social anxiety were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups after the primary assessments. Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (IPSM), and Acceptance and Action in Social Anxiety Questionnaire (AAQ-II), were applied in three stages. The data were analyzed using SPSS-22, and univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance.

Acceptance and commitment therapy could significantly reduce social anxiety (0.42), and the total score of interpersonal sensitivity and its sub-components (0-49-91), while increasing the psychological flexibility (0.43) during the post-test assessments. The results were also maintained in the follow-up phase (P<0.05).

ACT as a third wave treatment, can be an effective intervention to reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder and interpersonal sensitivity and enhance the cognitive flexibility in students with social anxiety

Reading skill is one of the most important skills in elementary school so that its disorder affects the learning of other subjects.

This paper aimed to study the effect of phonological awareness method intervention on improving dyslexic studentschr('39') reading.

The research type was quasi-experimental. The population of this study included all boys in the Second grade of elementary school from Roshtkhar and Khaf city in the academic year 2015-2016. Based on a checklist of 27 items for dyslexia symptoms, report card, and health assessment card of the first year of elementary school, 10 of them who were diagnosed with dyslexia, were randomly selected. Then these students were randomly divided into the experimental group with phonological awareness method intervention and control group. After phonological awareness instructional intervention, a post-test was performed on both groups and the data from pre-test and post-test were analyzed using SPSS version 19 with an independent t-test.

The results of the independent t-test to compare the difference of scores between the two groups showed that there was a significant difference between improvement mean in the phonological awareness instructional group (9.78) and control group (2.67) at significance level (p<0.0005). Which indicates the effect of phonological awareness treatment intervention on improving studentschr('39') reading.

Phonological awareness method has developed the reading skills of students by increasing the range of accuracy and attention, enhancing reading speed and comprehension. For improving the reading of dyslexic students, using phonological awareness method is suggested.

Most people show signs of behavior appropriate to their biological and physical gender. While a minority of people exhibit behaviors that are different from their sexual appearance, it is called Gender Dysphoria.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Role of family function in the prediction of Gender Dysphoria in women and transgender men.

This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all individuals with Gender Dysphoria, visiting the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization of Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, from 2014 to 2016, in order to follow legal proceedings for gender reassignment. The participants included 50 women and 50 men with Gender Dysphoria were selected via convenience sampling, gave informed consent, and completed two questionnaires: family function questionnaire and gender identity disorder questionnaire. Statistical steps were performed using spss software version 21 and data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression.

The results of regression analysis showed that the best predictor of gender dysphoria in transgender women is the Communication (p<0.010) and General Functioning (p<0.012) of the family, and in transgender men, the best predictor of gender dysphoria was Communication (p<0.017), Affective Responsiveness (p<0.039), and Affective Involvement (p<0.035).

Disrupted communication in family functioning can be a major contributor to Gender Dysphoria.

Duik’s theory deals with subjective beliefs that people have about their own intelligence. Subjective beliefs that intelligent students have about their own intelligence could be effective on creative, analytical, practical intelligence as well as their goal orientation.

The object of the present research was the effectiveness of Duik’s mind changing motivational program on goal orientation and successful intelligence of intelligent students.

The present research was a semi-experimental study with experimental design with pre-test, post-test with the control group. The statistical population was the intelligent students of the elementary school of Isfahan city in the year of 2015-2016. In the research sample, 30 people were chosen in a two-stage cluster sampling manner, and with a random method in experimental and control group. The measurement instrument was Raven’s Intelligence Test, Eliot and Mac Grikor’s goal achievement inventory and Esternberg and Grigorenko’s successful intelligence inventory. Also in order to test the hypothesis, multivariable Quariance analytic test and SPSS software 24 version were used.

Findings shows that Duik’s mind changing motivational progarm was effective on each four components of goal orientation means tendency domination )P=0.001), avoidance domination )P=0.001), tendency performance )P=0.001), avoidance performance )P=0.001) as well as analytical )P=0.001), practical (P=0.007), and creative intelligence (P=0.046) of intelligent students.

According to the findings it is recommend that for increasing the level of merit motivation of intelligent students, additive intelligence education based on Duik’s theory should be used.

Emotional regulation is a process of an individual recognizing what emotions they are under the effect of, and how they can experience and manage them.

The present study aims to compare the emotional regulation patterns of individuals in various decades of their lives aged 20-70 in Tehran.

The research has a causal-comparative design and the statistical population comprises of all individuals aged 20-70 in 2019 in Tehran, among which 230 people were selected through convenience and answered the questionnaires of difficulties in emotion regulation, emotion regulation, and  emotion regulation of others and self. SPSS v.2 software was used to perform data analysis through multivariate variance analysis.

Results indicated only the factor of using emotional regulation strategies was significantly different across age decades (P-value=0.002). Pairwise comparison indicated that 20-30 decade was significantly different from 51-60 and 61-70 decades with respective P-values of 0.02 and 0.03; while the 31-40 decade was significantly different from 51-60 and 61-70 decades with respective P-values of 0.03 and 0.01 at the significance level of less than 0.05. The difference was such that the highest emotional regulation was associated with the 61-70 decade with a value of 4.57 and the lowest rate was associated with 19-30 and 31-40 decades with the value of 3.96.

The difference between the use of emotional regulation in various ages and the use of compatible emotional regulation strategies in higher age decades could contribute to our understanding of the role of age difference in individuals’ emotional experiences.

Anxiety in children is diagnosed late due to lack of cognitive development and affects on social, educational and emotional functions, and if left untreated, it affects on other stages of life.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of play therapy and laughter therapy on children anxiety.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study were anxious children aged 6 to 12 years old on 2020 in Shahrood who have referred to psychological and psychiatrical clinics and received a diagnosis of generalized anxiety. 45 people were selected as a sample and were divided into three groups of play therapy, laughter therapy and control. The research tool was the Spence Child Anxiety Scale (SCAS). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test were used.

The results of generalized anxiety scores variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups at a significant level of 0.01. (F=16.70). Scheffe post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in reducing anxiety between play therapy and laughter therapy, while there was a significant difference between the control group with laughter therapy (14.13) and also with play therapy (18.40) at a significant level of 0.001. In other words, laughter therapy and play therapy reduced anxiety in the experimental groups, but no change in the level of anxiety was observed in the control group.

Therefore, it can be concluded that play therapy and laughter therapy reducing generalized anxiety in children, but there is not difference between the effectiveness of the two therapies.

Due to the report of World Health Organization, the mental health problems of pregnant women are one of the most important health challenges; therefore, identifying new therapeutic interventions is a necessity in this field.

Determining the effectiveness of online unified transdiagnostic treatment on the variables of psychological distress, mindfulness, meta-emotion, and psychological empowerment of pregnant women.

The present study was a clinical trial with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The statistical population included all pregnant women referring to health care centers in Boroujerd city in 2020. Thirty pregnant women were selected by convenience sampling which randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Research instruments included the demographic and pregnancy information questionnaire, Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS-14), Van den Bergh Pregnancy Anxiety Scale (PRAQ), Edinburg Depression Scale (EPDS), Bauer Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Mitmansgruber meta-emotion scale (MES) and Kameda prenatal psychological empowerment scale (KPES). Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance with repeated measures and SPSS software, version 26.

The findings showed that unified transdiagnostic treatment was effective to reduce the psychological distress (P<0.05), negative meta-emotion (P<0.05) and promoting positive meta-emotion (P<0.05) and psychological empowerment (P<0.01) in subjects, but it had no significant effect on mindfulness (P>0.05).

Based on the results of current study, applying the unified transdiagnostic treatment can reduce the emotional disorder of pregnant women and increase their psychological empowerment.

Life satisfaction is an essential component of studentschr('39') psychological health. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing studentschr('39') life satisfaction is very important.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the role of basic needs and attachment styles in predicting life satisfaction of high school students.

The design of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all high school students during the academic year of 2016-2017. 459 students (299 boys and 160 girls) of the second-grade secondary school of District 2 of Qom were selected as the sample by convenience sampling. The instruments used included the Basic Psychological Needs Scales (PBNS), Attachment Styles Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results of regression analysis showed that autonomy and competence with standard coefficient 0.21 (p<0.01) and 0.31(p<0.01) respectively, and secure and ambivalent attachment styles with standard coefficients 0.12 (p<0.05) and – 0.31 (p<0.01) respectively, have an effect on life satisfaction of students. The basic need for Relatedness and the Avoidant attachment style were not able to predict the life satisfaction.

The results of this study confirmed the role of basic psychological needs and attachment styles in predicting the life satisfaction of high school students. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of factors of basic psychological needs and attachment styles in improve the life satisfaction of students.

The term of psychosomatic is the disease which involves both mind and body. Sometimes mental and emotional factors may act as risk factor that could influence the initiation and progression of them.

The aim of this study was to study of emotion regulation in psychosomatic diseases by qualitative study.

This study was qualitative. The data of this study collected by in-depth semi-structured interview tools. The study population was 22 patients with psychosomatic diseases (heart, gastrointestinal and respiratory) from Baqiyatallah Hospital in 2020. They were selected by target and voluntarily. Data were analyzed using the content analysis approach and there were analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman method and the qualitative themes of the study were prioritized according to their importance.

Qualitative analysis of participantschr('39') lived experience Resulted to two main categories of healthy and unhealthy strategies. also The results of this study include the seven themes (changing attention to something else, decision making and problem solving, attention to positive and pleasant thoughts, acceptance, worship, self-control and improving the self-esteem) for healthy strategies and Unhealthy strategies include to the 9 themes (Anger and aggression, rumination, cognitive errors, overuse of social networks, Erratic, persistence in beliefs, procrastination, extremism, substance abuse, distraction).

Despite of the complexity of the experienced, phenomenon of emotions in psychosomatic patients is regulated in different ways, which is one of the underlying factors in psychosomatic diseases.

Migraine and nervous peptic ulcer are common psychosomatic diseases, that various psychological factors are effective in their occurrence and exacerbation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the Brain Behavioral Systems (BAS/BIS), adjustment components and schizoid personality syndrome in patients with migraine and nervous peptic ulcer and normal subjects.

The method of this research was comparative causative research. The statistical population of this study was all patients over 18 years of age with nervous peptic ulcer and migraine who referred to Bukan medical centers in 2019 and their normal counterparts. The sample size was 90 people. 30 patients over 18 years old were assigned to each group by simple random sampling and their normal counterparts were also selected by available sampling method. Carver and Whites BIS/BAS Scales, Bells adjustment inventory and Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI-III) were provided for data collection. Data analysis was done by MANOVA and ANOVA method, using SPSS-PC (v.22).

Migraine patients had significantly higher mean of schizoid personality disorder symptoms and BAS/BIS than the other two groups (p<0.05). Both groups of patients had significantly lower mean in adaptation than normal subjects (p<0.05).

Both groups of disease had the lowest rate of adjustment components. The findings also imply that the Migraine patients had the highest rates of schizoid personality syndrome and BAS/BIS.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are two psychological disorders that can greatly impair psychological, emotional and communication wellbeing.

The present study sought to compare physical health and thought-action fusion in OCD patients, BD patients and normal (non-clinical) individuals.

The present study is a causal-comparative study with a target population consisting of all inpatient and outpatients of Fatemi Hospital and psychiatric clinics in Ardabil between December 2019 to February 2020, and June to July 2020 who were diagnosed with OCD or BD by professionals. Of those, a convince sample of 40 individuals with OCD, 40 with BD and 40 normal individuals was selected for research. The measures used in this study were Rachman and Shafranchr('39')s Thought-Action Fusion Scale and Abbasi et al.chr('39')s Physical Health Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed using SPSS version 25 to analyze data.

Results showed statistically significant difference in physical health and its components between OCD, BD and normal patients (p<0.01). A similar significant difference in relation to thought-action fusion was also observed between the OCD, BD and normal groups (p<0.01). That is, normal people have less thought-action fusion than the other two groups.

Based on the findings of the present study, we suggest that to specifically target cognitive biases in treating OCD and BD, the role of physical health and thought-action fusion should be taken into account.