جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 14 (زمستان 1399)

In some schools, philosophical and poetic views are mixed to interpret the World and its phenomena, and introduced some works with philosophical and poetic content. In this research, the views of Naser Khosrow (394-481 A.H) and The Schlegel brothers Friedrich (1772-1829 A.D) and A.W (1767-1845 A.D) (two founders of Romantic school) are studied in the way of comparative study, in the field of poetic views. Our purpose is to show the similarities and differences between the ideas of these thinkers as the represents of two culture of Iran and Germany on poetic view of the World. Regarding to the fact that Iran and Germany introduced some great poets to the human society, such studies seem necessary. The comparative study shows that how they try to draw their subjective & ideal world and interpret them by use of combination of philosophical and poetic views. To describe the beauties of the world and try to show the root of them in the heaven, is the most similarity between them and the difference in the philosophical and theological view, is the most difference between them. This study is done with take a look to the views of Alexandrian Plotinus (A neoplatonic philosopher) because we can obviously see the important ideas of this philosopher in the works of Naser Khosrow and The Schlegel brothers. This research has been done by the descriptive, analytic, comparative method through the studying in the library, taking notes; and ordering, comparing and analyzing the notes.

Ferdowsi tried to keep the names of the heroes and princes in front of them with the language of epic. Ferdowsi, out of national attachment, turned mythical themes into epics and entered the Shahnameh. Shahnameh Summary of culture, religion, customs and aspirations of a nation over the centuries and millennia and the profound impact of religious beliefs, historical events and cultural customs in all its historical and social periods is obvious. Loves and hatreds, victories and defeats, sorrows and joys, wars, and reconciliations have all been deposited in the collective memory of a nation and the basis of creation is based on the confrontation of Ahura and the devil, ugliness and beauty, darkness and light and strife. The good and the bad are in the realm of existence and epic. In Shahnameh and Avesta, we encounter two types of Ahuraian and demonic men. Of course, some of the men in these two works have different faces and are Ahuraian in one and demonic in the other, or it is difficult to determine whether they are Ahuraian or demonic. In this study, which is organized by descriptive-analytical method and library method, the author has made a comparative comparison of Ahuraian men in Shahnameh and Avesta based on the royal family. In this study, it was found that the kings mentioned in Shahnameh and Avesta except Goshtasp They are the same and Ferdowsi's general view of him in the Shahnameh is different from that of the Avesta.

Welfare and social security, as one of the characteristics of civilized and advanced societies, is a component that has a valuable place in the macro-policies of the world today; an approach that has been less prevalent in previous regimes. According to historians and researchers, and considering the text of the Shahnameh as one of the most original texts that informs us about the situation in pre-Islamic Iran, the issue of welfare and social security was given attention at the forefront of the macro policies of pre-Islamic Iranian kings from the Kianian to the Sassanids period. One of the most important tools for providing social welfare is to improve the industrial conditions of the country, which leads to the prosperity and development of the country and improvement in people's livelihood. Despite being costly, this has been taken care of because of the kings' attention to the well-being of the people and the generalization of wealth and social security. Therefore, relying on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh as a historical-literary text, this research has studied the examples of industry and the application of its types and species in order to achieve welfare and social security. The result shows that dealing with industry, which is one of the heaviest and most expensive programs in the country, has always been considered by kings in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh to provide social services as pillars of welfare and social security. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical based on interdisciplinary research.

Feminist ideas that began in Europe after the contemporary post-industrial revolution and spread throughout the world also came into the field of literature, and many gender-based writers addressed women's diminished rights in patriarchal societies and women's concerns. On the micro and macro levels. Given the rootedness of patriarchal beliefs in Arab societies, addressing women's issues in the literature of these countries is valid. In the meantime, Efaf Al- Batayeneh, in her Kharej Al-Jasad novel, is influenced by feminist beliefs and the patriarchal structure of her societies, with a critical approach of attempting to describe the plight of women and suggest ways to get this class out of the situation. In this research, using the feminist foundations and the descriptive-analytical method, the author's views on the novel are explained and explained. The results of the study show that: Al- Batayeneh issues such as: the complete subjugation of women to men; traditional marriage in Eastern societies; Man, egalitarianism, has criticized society's false beliefs. As the main character of the novel, Semen, having traveled to Western countries and renamed himself, has completely undergone cultural transformation and negated the components of the patriarchal and patriarchal culture of Arab society

The constitutional movement revolutionized the literature of the Qajar period by dramatically changing the entire structure of society. Factors such as connecting with the Western world, travelogues, establishing new schools, translating Western works, the press and more. It provided the Iranian modernization grounds, and this modernization influenced the works of the constitutional period in terms of linguistic, literary, and content, resulting in the most important stylistic changes. In this research, descriptive-analytical and library methods have been attempted; articles on social and literary situation, constitutional poetry and poets (Farrokhi, Aref and Mirzadeh Eshghi) have been presented and more on style, grammatical and structural features Just consider these poets. The mere section deals with vocabulary analysis. Research in the grammatical structure of constitutional poetry is important because on the one hand constitutional poetry has provided the context for structural and content change. And then, influenced by translation, they became acquainted with and influenced each other's European prose and poetry. Citing evidence and examples from the works of these poets, we conclude that populism has a high frequency in constitutional poetry, and although poets have a claim to modernity and modernity in literature, especially poetry; They are not well versed in grammar rules, so syntax and linguistic errors are abundantly evident in their poems.

n a comparative and analytical study of the happiness of the wealthy princes in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar, we find out how they use national mirrors and beliefs and archetypes and religious orders such as benevolence and charity day by day. They prospered and perpetuated their rule and increased their happiness and enjoyment of divine blessings by giving, giving, forgiving, and spreading the word to the general public, and by holding popular, national, and religious celebrations. The kings, who had a stable government and a prosperous life, praised their Lord in the mornings and evenings, and honored the wise, the clergy, and the astronomers, and consulted with them in carrying out and ending serious matters. The results of the research show that elements such as having a divine spirit and good looks of the rulers, having physical ability and bravery, greed, prayer, benevolence, using music, have been the factors of wealth and happiness of the Iranian princes. In some cases, Ferdowsi and in some issues, Nezami have taken a deeper look at them, and in the pages of this article, several examples have been studied.

Taysir is one of the jurisprudential concepts that has found its way into the culture of Islamic jurisprudence from the Qur'an and discussions have been held about it. In the field of Persian literature, Mowlana is known as a poet who was first a jurist and a religious scholar and after meeting with Shams Tabrizi, he joined the Jirga of Sufis and mystics. In this regard, he has used several jurisprudential terms during his intellectual and personality renaissance in the spiritual Masnawi and Ghazals of Shams. In this article, with a descriptive- analytical approach and library resources, the jurisprudential concept of Taysir from Mowlana's point of view has been studied and explored. It seems that in the words of the poet, such things as: urgency, error, priority of tasks over each other and epistemological issues are mentioned as influencing factors. Jurisprudential beliefs have influenced him and given him a new shape. Also, the propagation of Taysir's discourse is directly related to Mowlana's spirit of tolerance and tolerance.