نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 9 (زمستان 1399)

English The metaphor is the mapping of the respective territories (origin and destination) in the conceptual system and the semantic development.
 Howland et al. (1953) as well as Wood and Ilgie (1981) in the field of meaning development and discourse production: The metaphor uses primary, secondary and final validity as well as the power of persuasion, by enhancing knowledge confidence in the metaphorical cognitive system, by The use of source domain and the use of effective communication channels also help in the development and enhancement of the semantic coefficient (conceptualization and production of discourse) of the text, as well as the adherence to contextual indices and the ability to use rhetorical auxiliary strategies.
 The present study investigates the conceptual metaphor of Samad Bahrangi's "The Little Boy's Tale" and its role in the production of critical discourse (Norman Falkloff's theory). Critically the story concludes that the source (intuitive) territory of Samad Behrangi's metaphors in The Little Boy's Tale is that of cruelty and its intended destination is the social inequality and the overwhelming class distance that came from the social-democratic political system. By producing these mappings in public opinion, the author contributes to the development of social justice by changing the ruling system of society.

Stylistics normally involves the analysis of the linguistic, semantic, and ideological features of a literary text. Mahdi Akhavane Sales, as a prominent figure of the contemporary Persian literature, with piles of knowledge on classic literature, turned to modern poetry, and with his unique poetic style he proved that composing in vain of modern poetry is not due to his inability in following classical poetry. To provide a better understanding of the Khurasani poet’s unique achievements, this study conducted a stylistic analysis on his collected poems in linguistic, literary and ideological levels. The study attempted to determine these features along with some concerned examples. Archaism, novelty of allocation, applying symbolic language, being under the impacts of Khurasani style, applying meticulous rhetorical figures and epic tone in poems of this great poet, are the most outstanding conclusions of this survey. Ideological level, linguistic level and literary level of Akhavan’s poems has been analyzed in this study. 

Contemporary nouveau riche poets have been aware that art with initiative and innovation has a double emotional impact and imitation and repetition is the death of art. One of the components of poetry that is an arena for displaying innovation and provides an opportunity for the emergence of individual poetry of each poet the images are poetic and nature and natural elements are resources which has always been considered in poetic illustration. Fazel Nazari is one of the contemporary modernist poets which explores the natural elements to create new images by punctuation and narrow-mindedness and with an emphasis on personal perspective and climatic elements, creates amazing and unique images.
    In the present study, after studying the published works this poet it was found that Fazel is an illustrator poet. He with depth and accuracy discovers different features of a natural phenomenon, then he remembers and finds a connection between itself and those natural phenomena and with his artistic creativity, he creates a new image. Moon and Pond and Swamp, Waves, Rocks and Rivers, Pomegranate and Desert which is one of the climatic elements around it and … they are repetitive images which has been considered by this poet from various angles and are formed to express the poet's personal moods and emotions. Most of these images are in the form of similes and is of the sensible analogy to the sensible which is the most artistic type of simile. Along with many similes, simple metaphors and allusions and common Persian proverbs also have been employed.

Epithets are attributes that, unlike attributes in the grammatical and logical sense, have many artistic and poetic functions, and in this way, cause the poetry language to be distinguished.Hafez is superior in the discovery, construction, and use of this type of epithets, but his artistic techniques have not been well studied yet, and as a result, most of the opinions on this subject are presented just about a few of his poems; so the present paper tried to examine this issue in Hafez’ sonnetsscientifically using the content analysis. According to this paper, it has been determined that Hafez has over 1400 descriptive compositions, 560 successor attributes, and 58 descriptive groups, from which more than 480 are epithets; that is, they have aesthetic function and made the language prominence.
These epithets are analyzed in this paper based on the type of function, and it has been determined that the epithets of Hafez in his sonnets have the functions of beatification (Sarve Senoubarkharaam), uglification (Dajal Fe’l Molhedolshekl), magnification (Zabaane Atashin), metaphorical (Ashke ghammaz), sarcastic(Kootah Astinaan), simile (Dele senoubari) and allegory (Adame Beheshti). Since most of them are associated with a kind of innovation and fantasizing, they have cause the poetic language to be prominent and distinguished; therefore, Hafez is a great poet in this regard. This issue can be studied on literary masterpieces such as Shahnameh and Boostan by which the different epithets can be found in literary genres.

Music is one of the most important pillars of poetry that makes it enjoyable. Music in poetry has different aspects such as inner music, exterior, and side. One of the aesthetic elements of the poem, especially the classical formats, is the use of side-by-side music that results from the repetition of poetic vocabulary at the end of each beat, especially rhyme and row. The poets try to come closer to their goal of expressing the poetic meanings, with respect to the connection between the music of the poem and other elements. In this descriptive and analytical study, the side music in Sheikh Baha'i poetry is examined. The results indicate that in the quatrains of Sheikh Baha'i there are pronouns of the nominal rhyme, the present verb which has a higher frequency of nominal rhyme than the other types of rhyme, and in the other quatrains the present tense has a higher frequency. Most rows are simple and one-part, and two-part and three-part rows are rarely used.

It is essential for students and fans of Persian literature to read and know Persian classical literature and Nasir Khusraw’s Diwan one of them. Thirty-Qasida of Nasir Khusraw, therefore, as a fabulous piece of the Diwan is part of a textbook that students of Persian language and literature should study; so there are several books about this topic. One of these books is “Thirty-Qasida of Nasir Khusraw” gathered and written by Ali Asghar Halabi, published by Payame Noor University. Author of this book tried to prepare a textbook that helps students to figure out the lyrics on themselves through many explanations included within the book. Even if it is somehow helpful but surely needs reviews and editions. Since this book is an obligatory resource for many students in Payame Noor University, it is reviewed in this essay and bugs and slips of the textbook including semantic, punctuation, and typographical bugs and incorrect record lines (couplets) are mentioned.

This investigation aims to study conceptual metonymies in Kurdish Language, based on cognitive approach. The data of the study are poems from the book; Now a Girl is my Homeland (2011), by Sherko Bekas, a contemporary Kurdish poet. The rate of relationship between everyday language spoken by Kurdish people and these conceptual metonymies, and also the frequency and variety of metonymies in Kurdish language according to Bekas poetry are the main questions in this study. Analyzing data is based on theories about conceptual metonymies presented by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and Kovecses (2010). The results of the study show that, conceptual metonymies along with conceptual metaphors are used widely in Kurdish language and Bekas poetry. »Part-whole« and »container for contained« are the most common ones in these poems and accordingly in Kurdish Language. These metonymies are among everyday speech or to somehow they are adapted from Kurdish culture and language.