Urinary incontinence is a chronic complication and a social stigma. One of the important and influential factors on the ability of patients to cope with the nature of chronic diseases is social support that affects patients’ behaviors, and changes the quality of life. However, social support can also be a way to improve treatment-seeking help. The aim of this study was to explore the role of social support in treatment seeking among the women with experience of urinary incontinence.

In this qualitative study, 20 women with experience of urinary incontinence referred to teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were purposefully selected. Data collection was done through semi-structured and in-depth interviews. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis.

In the data analysis of participants' experiences, two themes were emerged, support deficiency theme including three main categories of “incompetent information support by others”, “lack of spouse support”, and “lack of family support”, and active support theme including two main categories of “informative support by others” and “spouse empathy”.

Effective social support from different sources such as spouse, family, and friends can play a significant positive role in encouraging and creating treatment-seeking behaviors in women with urinary incontinence. While negative and inefficient social support by others can be considered as important obstacles in pursuing the treatment of the disease.

Brain ischemia causes irreversible structural and functional damages to specific parts of brain particularly the hippocampus. There are evidences that show exercise training may decrease the damages inflected on brain. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of exercise training on nerve growth factor (NGF) in hippocampus CA1 region following cerebral ischemia stroke in male Wistar Rats.

24 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly assigned into three groups including Sham, Ischemia/Control, and Ischemia/Exercise. The rats in the exercise groups ran on a rat treadmill for 45 minutes per day five days a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Common carotid artery occlusion procedure was employed for 45 minutes to induce ischemia. Cresyl violet (Nissl) was used to neuronal death, and ladder rung walking test was used to evaluate motor and functional recovery. In addition, NGF protein expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry.

Brain ischemia increased neuron death in CA1 region in hippocampus and impaired motor performance on the ladder rung task. In contrast, post-ischemic exercise considerably reduced neuron death and improved skilled motor performance. In addition, NGF protein expression was significantly higher in ischemic/exercise group than the ischemic/control group (P < 0.05).

When exercise is prescribed as a treatment and rehabilitation method after cerebral ischemia, it had significant effects on increasing NGF protein expression, and may reduce dead cells, and improve motor function.

Assessment of learners, due to its nature and complexity, is one of the most widespread and controversial educational topics. One of the threats in this process is cheating; cheating is a major concern for professors and institutions, especially when universities conduct exams online due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It means to consider the academic work of others in its place. Cheating can have a devastating effect on the performance, reputation, and longevity of an institution. When academic institutions do not have control over cheating, the result will be employers’ dissatisfaction with the graduates’ job performance. The first line of defense to prevent cheating is the adoption of ethical codes. In this regard, it is necessary to hold empowerment courses for teachers to train them to design appropriate questions. Other factors include setting a time limit for each question, designing questions with different arrangements, random distribution of questions, holding several midterm exams and reducing the volume of end-of-semester test resources, changing the scoring system to qualitative, matching the taught content with the exams, facilitate vague and complex lessons, project assessments, and reduce exams. The use of web-based cameras (webcams) as a technology-based solution to prevent cheating has also been suggested. Artificial intelligence and image processing, including special software, can also be used to monitor the student's body and face movements, and report suspicious behavior to the teacher. The use of Lockdown Browser also restricts the student's ability to search for resources during the test.