فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصادی کاربردی ایران
پیاپی 37 (بهار 1400)

Consequent to the financial crises, nominal feedback rules received considerable attention consideration from many of the monetary authorities in many countries. The innovation of these rules is a feedback mechanism that allocates precise adjustments to the monetary policy instruments where target variable deviates from its desired path. Mc Callum's rule can be taken as one of the most prominent feedback models in monetary economics. In the present study, the experimental behavior of the policymakers in the Iranian Central Bank will be investigated applying nonlinear Mc Callum's rule in the period of 1368:4 (1990:1) to 1396:4 (2018:1) using Markov-switching model. Considering that the Iranian Central Bank does not announce the precise production and inflation targets, the model estimation will be carried out based on the assumption of unobservable target variable. In this regard, for estimation of the two unobservable variables of nominal production growth and inflation, Bayesian Kalman filter will be employed. Then model will be stimated with markov switching approach in different rejime. The analysis of the model coefficients shows that the central bank during the recession assigned more weight to the nominal output growth variable and in the boom period more weight was assigned to the inflation gap variable. This illustrates the correct response of the central bank of Iran to these variables base of theoretical expectation. Therefore, in this paper and base on estimation results of nonlinear McCallum rule, the asymmetric behavior of the central bank with respect to the monetary reaction function is confirmed.

The 2007 financial crisis clearly demonstrate the role of capital assets in the emergence of economic fluctuations and business cycles. Physical assets with a dual role as a factor in production and use as collateral to obtain loans from the banking system in two separate channels affect the real sector of the economy and lead to intensification of product fluctuations and business cycles. Emprical evidence of Iran’s economy indicates that the price of capital assets has been rising and fluctuating over time for various reasons, the most important of which are the role of oil revenues and related shocks. Accordingly, with regard to the collateral effect channel, there is an expectation that by creating a positive oil shock and increasing oil revenues, government spending and, consequently, liquidity, the price of private equity assets, as a acceptable collateral for the banking system, will increase. This issue will lead to an increase in the amount of loans received by the private sector, the volume of investment and output. For this purpose, this study has examined this important issue using data related to the period of 1966- 2017 of the Iranian economy and the model of structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR). The results of the model confirm the effect of collateral in short periods. Therefore, it is suggested that if the policymaker seeks to stabilize the product in the short term, then it is necessary to adopt an appropriate countercyclical policy on how to pay loans to the private sector in order to control the volume of private sector investment and stabilize the output.

One of the main activities of banks is the allocation of resources, one of the main aspects of which is determining the optimal combination of credits to various economic sectors. Lack of attention to the allocation of financial resources available to the bank, can cause serious damage to the entire economic system. In this study with the purpose of determining the optimal portfolio of the bank, each of the different activities of the creditor was considered as an asset. Given that the fluctuations in the ratio of lending credits collection are the main source of expected bank earnings fluctuations, so the amount of lending credits of each economic activity, which need to be collected are considered as return standard of, and its variance is consider as a risk. Also, in order to determine the range of expected return on assets, the historical average on each asset is calculated. Considering the necessity of reviewing this issue, in this paper, a multi-objective non-linear programming model using the firefly algorithm has been used to determine the optimal portfolio of agricultural bank credits. The main features of this research are the consideration of three optimistic pessimistic and hybrid strategies under different economic conditions. The results showed that the optimal pattern obtained from the firefly algorithm differs from the current model of distribution of bank credits.The present findings can provide managers with a roadmap for choosing the optimal portfolio consistent with the bank's preferences according to different estimates of return and risk, thus leading to the proper management of loans

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial effect of income inequality, relative poverty, real per capita income growth, unemployment, real exchange rate and real interest rate on real purchasing power of durable goods using the generalized SAR-GMM-DPD spatial self-regression torque model with two-stage coefficients. Arellano-Bover / Bundell-Bond is a random dynamic band between provinces of Iran in the period 2006-2017. The results show that according to Dosenbury's theory of consumption theory, durable goods have a broken demand function; Thus, the first interval of the dependent variable with a coefficient of 0.009 has a positive effect on the purchasing power of durable goods. The first spatial interval of SAR is also negative and significant -0.007 which indicates the negative spatial dependence between the provinces of Iran, ie the effects of independent variables on the dependent variable have indirect spatial and geographical effects. Income inequality with a coefficient of -0.43 has a negative effect on the purchasing power of durable goods of households. The relative poverty line with a coefficient of -0.06 has a negative effect on purchasing power, and as the relative poverty line moves to the upper deciles of income, the purchasing power of durable goods decreases.

Given the interaction of countries at the global level, the dynamics of international markets can affect the domestic economy of countries. Changes in economic conditions and related uncertainties in different economies of the world affect trade relations and foreign trade variables. In this study, the effect of global economic policy uncertainty on the volatility of export, import and exchange rate variables in Iran has been investigated using monthly data for the period April 2004 to March 2017. The correlation of the mentioned variables in Iran has been investigated using the dynamic conditional correlation model of GARCH (DCC-GARCH). The results obtained from the model show that the use of dynamic conditional correlation model is more appropriate than the fixed conditional correlation model. According to the research results, volatility in global economic policy have a significant effect on volatility of exports, imports and real exchange rates. The results of this article show that fluctuations in global economic policy may have different effects on Iran's trade with other countries. If different firms with different financing need to export or import, then it is acceptable that economic policy fluctuations should have a different impact on their international trade decisions, and ultimately economic activity will be subject to change. Given the impact of global economic policy uncertainty on trade, policymakers must consider the impact of global economic developments on the domestic economy in their decisions, and pay attention to the structure of the correlation between domestic markets and global conditions. In this regard, the necessary support programs should be set for activities that are most affected by global developments.

The coordination of monetary and fiscal policies, given the financial crises that have occurred in the last decade, has increased more than ever and has led countries considers coordinating economic policies to deal with the adverse effects of these crises. The implementation of any economic policy is accompanied by instabilities that can affect each other. Accordingly, the present article examines the interaction effects of monetary and fiscal policy instabilities in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, using the Markov-Switching Vector Auto Regression Model (MSVAR) during the period 1978-2017, the interaction effects of monetary and fiscal policies were investigated. The instability of the variables of tax revenues, government expenditures, interest rates and broad money was estimated using the Hadrick-Prescott filter. The results showed that government size instability in regimes of zero and one has a negative effect on interest rate instability. Interest rate volatility in regimes one and two has a significant effect on government-size instability. Also, the size instability of the government did not have a significant effect on the instability of the volume of broad money, but the instability of the broad money in the regime two had direct effects on the instability of the size of the government. The instability of tax revenues in the regime two had direct and significant effects on the instability of interest rates, while the instability of interest rates did not have a significant effect on the instability of tax revenues. Also, the instability of tax revenues in regimes of zero and one had a direct and significant effect on the instability of broad money and the instability of the broad money in the regimes two had direct and significant effects on the instability of tax revenues. Accordingly, in the Iranian economy, the instability of monetary and fiscal policies affects each other under regime conditions.

Due to the importance of non-performing loan banking in the health of the banking system and the role of banks in financing the country's enterprises in this study was tried to use the study of Abid et al. (2014) in which the effect of economic and banking variables on non-performing loan banking of Tunisia has been studied, To evaluate the effect of macroeconomic variables (GDP, Government dept, exchange rate, and liquidity) and banking (bank size, moral hazard, and bad management) on the volume of non-preforming loans bankings, accepted banks in Tehran stock exchange during the period 1396-1386 to be paid. In this study, the two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and panel data have been used. Finally, the accuracy of the results was checked by Sargan tests and serial autocorrelation. The statistical population of the study is the banks accepted by tehran stock exchange (Saderat, Mellat, Tejarat, Sina, Sarmayeh, Saman, Parsian, Pasargad, Hekmat Iranian, Ansar, Eghtesad Novin, Dey, Khavaremianeh, Ayandeh, Gardeshgary, Shahr, Karafarin, Post Bank and Tosee Etebari). Macroeconomic variables such as liquidity, government debt and exchange rates have a significant effect on the volume of non-performing loan. The relationship between liquidity and government debt variables and the volume of non-performing loan is positive. The relationship between the exchange rate and the volume of non-performing loan was reported in most negative coefficients. Also, banking variables such as bank size have a negative relationship with the volume of non-performing loan and the relationship between bad management and the volume of non-performing loan is positive.

Given the economic dependence of OPEC member countries, including Iran, on crude oil prices and export earnings, and considering the fact that one of the factors affecting crude oil prices is OPEC decisions, in this study, we investigate the impact of OPEC Summit Statements (increase, decrease and stabilization of production levels) focused on Iran's oil export earnings. Therefore, from the monthly data for the period 2018-1986 in the form of three quantities: West Texas crude oil prices are below $ 40 (Q-reg1), between $ 40 and $ 70 (Q-reg2) and above $ 70 (Q-). reg3) and Structural Vector Autoregressive Model (SVAR) were used in the quantile method. The results of the estimation of the instantaneous reaction functions (IRF) in the quintiles showed that the impact of Iranian oil export earnings on oil prices increased from $ 40 to $ 40 and then $ 70. Decreases. On the other hand, in quintiles of crude oil prices below $ 40, between $ 40 and $ 70 and above $ 70, first the shock caused by the statement declines, then the shock caused by the statement increases and finally, the shock caused by the level stability statement OPEC production affects Iran's oil export earnings. Also, as crude oil prices rise, the impact of these statements on Iran's oil earnings is diminished.