نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 34 (تابستان 1391)

The unwillingness of citizens to participate in the activities of city improvment that haslargely rooted in the focused administrative system is of the factors that ability of theauthorities is faced with difficult the needs of urban residents. So attending urbanmanagement to citizens participation in city administration as a means by which can be reacheconomic, social and cultural sustainable development is considerable.Also, Hamadan city with ancient history, is faced with this problem Therefore,in the study,identifing the willingness of Hamedan citizens to participate in the affairs of the city has beenconsidered as new idea in urban management. In this regard, with the assumption that urbanmanagement of Hamedan can be successful only with greater citizens participation, identifingparticipation barriers and citizen education, has been paid attention to the role and functionof urban management of Hamedn.The research is descriptive - analytical, practical and baseddetection. In this method of gathering information and preparing the questionnaire has beenused ,and study population is Hamadan city the volume of the sample according to thecalculations of Cochran is altogether 369.For data entry and data analysis SPSS software hasbeen used .For findings and hypothesis testing of research the Friedman test has been usedand all research hypotheses have been confirmed.As a result,according to the reluctance (unwillingness) of Hamadan citizens in partnershipwith the council, municipality , city administration and social- cultural activities and other,Perhaps can be said ,these are because of lack of growth of social groups and civil institutionsand the lack of necessary opportunities for citizen participation due to weakness of urbanmanagement that by increasing social trust, comprehensive cooperation and strengtheningcollective identity can be hoped to increase the voluntary participation of citizens. Otherwise,and if their citizens contribute a little & fail to this team that our city is our home,areaswon't be created to continue seeking of the participation.

Rural development, policy and strategy of stable development in any country is consideredthat this policy is closely linked with the intellectual and attitudinal And institutional policiesand procedures there are different tools that make the housing units Or document issued to thegeneral term for real estate in the village along with other rural development policies,including our approach.This thesis on the experiences of different countries and means of scrutiny of the activities ofrural housing units in the country and make their pathology to examine the success rate Inorder to analyze and evaluate the case based on the field and at different geographical points,and the results it has been different.

Climate change, especially global warming affect s every aspects of the environment, socialstructure, and food security. The zagros region due to its rugged nature and diverse climate isvery vulnerable to climate change such as temperature warming and rainfall decrease. In orderto unclose the signs of climate change in the Zagros region, the existing monthly rainfall, raindays, mean, low and high temperatures of 26 stations in the region were studied. Thesestations had data with different durations ranging from 17 to 55 years. The normality of thetime series were tested via lobly force, and their trend with Ljung-Box and Mankendal Tau.The degree and sign of the trend were tested by correlation coefficient.The results did not show any significant trend in the rainfall series. But the mean lowtemperature and daily temperature range showed significant trend. More than 90 percent ofthe stations showed significant increasing trend in the minimum temperature. While the dailyrange showed both increasing and decreasing trends.

Watershed basins of Iran are very different with a view to geology, unevenness, climate andthe other factors effective in erosion. The aim of this research is study of different types oferosion in Navroud watershed basin, investigation of the intensity of erosion, sedimentproduction and the factors effective in this relation. The physiological, topographic, climatic,geological and geomorphological specifications, plant covering, soil, erosion and sedimentproduction were generally studied. The area of the basin is about 265.46 square kilometers.Then with integration of the original work units and their petrological structure. The intensityof erosion and sediment production in each work unit was investigated with use of(qualtitative) FAO (experimental method). On the basis of the obtained results subbasins Nos.Also they have the most amount of sediment production as compared with the othersubbasins. Some of the reasons include the great slope, change of application, ruining offorests and pastures, construction of roads and existence of the formations sensitive toerosion. The other subbasins have the least amount of erosion and sedimentation, becausetheir formation is resistant to erosion and generally includes biotite, sandy lime, tuff andandesite. Generally the results of this research show that in each work unit, slop is the mostimportant factor of erosion and this is true in some of the outcrops. The most considerablefactors for occurrence of erosion in a basin include application change, forests and pasturesruining, road construction and very great slope.

Geotourism, since the late 1980s a recent phenomena globally recognized ,is providingfacilition and services to introduce and promote the value and social benefit ofgeomorphological sites and to protect them for students, tourist and other amusementseekers. In recent years, Geotourism has become a very absorbing notion which attracts a wildspectrum of people with varity of interests and also governments , environmental groups andprotection groups. Since geotourism is a complicated and multi- aspect decipline, it is usuallyabsent in commonly accepted models.It must be pointed out that while designing a model ,itis theoretical framework of our understanding which is assessed in the territory of thatphenomena. This article is aiming at expressing geotourism role and position , its changetrends in Iran and effective and ,efficient application of its models in a descriptive andinterview method. Data gathering has been carried out using attributive information in thisstudy, in addition to presenting definition and explanation of geotourism notions, modeling,operation, objectives and fundamental specifications of prolong ,leopold, ecology ,fuzzy,freeman, topsis, AHP, Reynard, periera, SWOT, models are explained. After comparativeand descriptive analysis, the result was that among these 10 models prolong and ecology ingeomorphic studies are more common and fuzzy model is the less commonly used model.This point has also been cleared that from 1389 to 1391 , the most research projects werecarried out on applying models in geotourism, which show the rising geotourism trend in thecountry .Hence getting to know these models is obligatory in order to have betterunderstanding of geotourism.

Caspian basin after being removed from the open seas or lakes in Pliocene time, money andsince then a series of tectonic activity, fluctuating water levels, the effect of waves andcurrents of the river morphology and current as it created. Sediments along the shoreline toerosion and sedimentation caused severe changes in morphology are Anzali wetland.Morphological forms based on the manufacturer and type deposits occur in differentenvironments. Recognizing symptoms and morphological changes that could be a pivotal rolein coastal planning and coastal management have. Swamps and wetlands, Delta, tab, sand,sandy zones, sand dunes, marine terraces and flood plains, mud zones, alluvial Fans,landscape morphology are observed in different parts of the Caspian Sea and Anzali Wetland.Current status of the beach about 10 thousand years ago with the general trend of lowering thewater levels is. In recent decades, human factors, the coast is one of the basic parameters ofthe deformation. Margin morphology can identify shifts in the development and landuseplanning coastlines, coastal areas to be effective. In this research, studies, documents andsoftware using Ilwis, Autocad and photoshop and aerial photographs, geological maps,topographic1/ 20000 and 1/50000 and a method based on RS and GIS methods to separatethe units in the sedimentary environment they have been marked And the resulting changes inthe rate of water level changes and coastal morphology and sedimentary units, replacement ofthe final maps will be prepared. Anzali wetland in coastal sediments of the tab is made up ofcoastal and coastal barriers. Anzali lagoon behind the beach is one of the lakes that were oncepart of the Caspian Sea coastal waters. Anzali wetland in the past had a large spread butgradually by alluvial sediments - Sefidrood deltaic branches and rivers of Rasht region, Masaland Fouman is filled. Anzali indentation tectonics is derived from the Caspian Sea backwardsomewhat isolated from the sea and sand with a blade (the area between Anzali andKapurchal) is formed. Facies of Pleistocene marine and coastal areas indicates the presence ofPleistocene Sea coast at the foot of the Alborz. Gradually with the gradual retreat of the seaand tectonic activity has increased the extent of the coastal plain. Coastal facies, especiallyalong the asphalt road protrusion City - Friday Market (Friday Market on the northern sidereached a three-way road) that is visible is located in the south of Anzali wetland.

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is a conceptual structure as the most intense rainfallto dam design, reservoirs and urban projects for our sets. The main goal of this study isdetermine the most probable precipitation and spatial analysis in Iran. Purpose of the 180synoptic stations in Iran, 94 stations have long-term statistics of rainfall (20-55 years) will beselected. Then, using statistical software such as excel and SPSS the amount was calculated.the method used for PMP is Hrshfyld. Finally, using GIS and KRGING we did spatialanalysis. Maps obtained from the maximum probable precipitation in the Iran indicates thatthe spatial distribution of annual precipitation in Iran is uneven. According to existing mapsProbable maximum precipitation related to the northern and southern Iran.thus PMP from the south coast of Iran to central of Iran decrease and from the central area tothe north coast increase.

The optimal management of water resources needs to learn exact and up to date, of how theconditions governing the resources and the status of their future forecasts. one of the methodsof management of water resources use methods of the multi criteria decision making. Thepurpose of this research to choose the best place for the purpose of the earth-fill dam found todevelop sustainable water resources. findings and the results of the research indicates that inELECTRE method and in between regions seven, regions (3, 4, 5) with 4 times thedomination and 2 times the defeated with (2) points in the first rank, and have been the mostappropriate levels for the earth-fill dam, in front of a large (1) with 6 times recessive andwithout fluency with (6) points in the final ranking and the direction of the earth-fill dam isnot appropriate and a large (2, 6, 7) respectively with (2, 2, 1) time mastery and (4, 4, 5) wasdefeated with rates (1-, 2-, 4-) in the next category. levels of (1, 2, 6, 7) due to the fact that thenumber of times the one in which the number of non-dominant one in which more andnegative points are earned should be deleted.