نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1390)

Population concentration in developing countries has brought about numerousproblems in large cities. Among those problems we can mention populationcongestion, migration, housing deficiencies, unemployment, environmentaldegeneration, etc.Accordingly, regional and urban analysts have started paying attention to thedevelopment of small and medium size towns as an essential solution for dealing withthe imbalance originated from development of prime cities.In this study, we have assessed, analyzed and examined Vahidieh's urbanizationprocess as well as that of Shahriar area as a sample of Tehran Province towns andcities before and after this occurance. Variables studied are population, occupancy,educational-cultural facilities, political-administrational, telecommunications,commercial and service providing facilities. Analysis of the data acquired from thestudy through statistical models - entropy coefficient, elasticity coefficient, MorrisDevelopment Index, parabolic-sectional variation analysis model – has been assessedand evaluated. Results derived from statistical models show that the urbanizationprocess of Vahidieh has not had desirable effects in balancing distribution ofpopulation and establishment of settlements throughout the area, stabilization of thepopulation, prosperity of solar rural sections, and growth of agricultural sectiontherefore being unsuccessful in that regard. Despite the fact that at some period,growth of industrial section in the city of Shahriar and in Tehran has had positiveeffects on population growth due to low cost of housing for people who have mostlybeen service and industrial laborers.Ultimately, the overall results drawn from this study reveal that urbanization ofVahidieh has not had an effective role in the development process of rural outskirts..

Tourism, as one of the most important industries around the world in the lastdecades, has been growing rapidly in the global economic development.Rural tourism has emerged since villages created contacts with cities and theleisure-time needs formed in cities necessitated natural and untouched environments.Rural tourism plays an important role in tourism industry and tourism's growth in thecountryside and is counted as a major power in economical improvements in thecountryside. It also causes local economic variety and also an increase in welfaresurface, life standards, incomes, security, and stability of population, prevention ofirregular migrations and protection of ecologic equilibrium and natural resources andperseverance of cultural textures which are accompanied by new job opportunities,based on potentials of countryside. Therefore, the best way to rescue countryside ofsocial, economical and environmental issues is to develop rural tourism. Hence, it hasattracted much of the interest of tourism senior managers. While Asara area enjoysvarious tourist attractions, there has been little or nothing has been done in this area toimprove tourism and satisfy the visitor to the area. Consequently, the conditions ofarea under study here (internal factors) as well as the opportunities in the source areawere studied. Accordingly, the tourism problems of the Asara area, condition of itsattractions, and the requirements of residential places were investigated in detail.Hence, the Present study has tried to look into status of tourism in Asara area, and toset forth practical suggestion and comments to alleviate the current problems anddeficiencies in this aspect.

The characteristics of Third World urbanization is inharmonious and inequality.Significant proliferation of the wealth and on the other hand, minorities who live inpoverty are considered as frustrations in urban policy. Ghetto results frominharmonious development and malfunctions of urban system. Urban applicationsinfluence social and economic classification, and when settlers in ghetto feel that theyare unable to improve their social and economic situation, it causes a deprivation forthem and forces them to commit offenses. This study investigated the causes shapingghettos in the city of Yazd in terms of the indices of education, health, culture,business, sport, green space and social reflections from it. With regard to thecoefficient of functions and urban services in ghettos and nearby, it is inferred thatabove mentioned factors affect forming ghettos and there is a relationship betweenghetto and underdevelopment. Based on linear regression, there is also a significantrelationship between ghettos and unfair distribution of services and underdevelopment.In addition, the results from the cluster model suggest that the settling in aneighborhood, besides lack of services and functions, other factors were alsoconsidered. The other finding of this study has been about social impact of ghettos.Based on the finding, the relatively low-income unemployed people commit morecrimes and there is no significant relationship between immigration and socialoffenses.

Identification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected. Detecd evidence are Glacial erasionablation landform like,glacial cirques, glacial valley and Glacial deposits Include glacial moraine. Resultshow during Pleistocene period, climate in northern slope of khashchal mountain hadlower temperature and probably with more precipitation in compare to recent climate.Erasion and morphogenes glacial processes have been active. While nowdaysevidence showing because of high evelation and precipitation and temperaturesituation in region, subglacial morphogenes process (freezing and melting)dominate inthe region.

In general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against acontingent loss. Agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied toagricultural firms. As well as Agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient waysof managing the risks inherent to farming. Sustainable agriculture integrates threemain goals-environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economicequity. Agriculture insurance is one of sustainable agriculture economics dimension.The aim of the study is to analyzes Agriculture insurance of Iran. The report starts withthe description of sustainable development definition and Sustainable agricultureindexes. Than evaluate the performance of agriculture insurance deals during 2006-2007. Gardens and farms are highly vulnerable, because are low water resources andIran is located on the desert region.The findings of this study show that implementation of agriculture insurance, risk ofoperating in this sector has reduced somewhat. Also performed calculations shows thatthe farmers funds received has been able to produce only 10 percent of the productcost. Other results show that only 12 percent of the garden farm country s have beensubject to insurance. So Iran agriculture is less stable in terms of agriculture insurance.

one of the most attractive and complex geomorphologic phenomenons ar(tang) thisattraction and complexity need to make some hypothesis about the progress of themthe hypothesis which have achived a classic aspect because of a lot of use in thisresearch takab transverse valley in anticline located in northern east of behbahan hasbeen use of with the some of topographical and geomogical maps aerial photos andvarious stage of observation and tried to clean the ocean of construction of this tang inwhich the recent formation of certase ocean and eligomiocean accompanied withquantry allulim. Based on the hypothesis of common hypothesis about the progress ofconstructing the tang in takab transverse valley is becom the involve and cosversationwhich are considened to the cause of changes. The changes of this wide surfaces ofmount zagros .in the end there is no need of conclusion and resulting in anymechanisem incidents on constructing. In another word it is possible to say that incostructing of takab transverse valley not only a certain progress but multiple progressare taking part.

Because of rapid and excessive expansion of cities in recent decades, urban land usehas been the focus of attention of many geographers.In Iran, Tehran as capital of the country and its municipal zone 6 as the city sbackbone and centre of administrative and commercial activities CBD has been ofparticular importance.The aim of the present study has been to investigate the causeand effect of tremendous changes that have taken place in this zone.The methodadopted in this research has been analytical intersection and spatial analyst and themain source of information has been 1995 census reports plus cadastral maps of thattime and their com prison with those of the present.The results of the study have indicated considerable changes in land use over thepast fifteen years, as shown below: the total land area devoted to human settlement in1985 being some 754.13 hats. Has been reduced to 679. 25 hats In 2010 whereas thearea under CBD being 167.78 hats. In 1985 has increased to 213.80 hats in 2010 itselfindicating the extent of change of human settlement land to none human settlementnamely various kinds of business activities.A study of the population of the zone in the same period shows clearly that nonesettlement and none permanent (floating) population has been increasing, particularlyin the middle sections the zone. Thus briefly speaking the interchange of permanentand none permanent population has created numerous difficulties for the zone such astraffic, air pollution, none coherent appearance, none accessibilities, city traffic project, rise of land price, loss of identity, reduction of resident population etc. etc.

Gully eroaion is one of the developed forms of water erosion which redolent ofsurface soil destruction in the lands. Recognize of the effective factors in happence ofgully erosion and it’s zonation is a basic implement to manage and control thisphenomenon. this study has been performed with aim of recognizing the effectivefactors on the gully erosion making and it’s zonation in the watershed of Torood. Themost important effective factor in happending gully erosion such as slope, aspect,litology, land use, distance of communications network, land and canopy cover wereselected as the most important factors on gully development and their layers wereprovided in GIS environment. All three gullies in the area were selected for the study.For each gully, three soil samples were collected from 25, 50 and 75 percent of gullylength and three from outside of gully for comparison. This Samples have examinedfrom the view of Gypsum, Organic Carbon, Salinity, Saturation Percentage, Lime,Sodiun Absorption Ratio and PH. Gully erosion zonation map of Torood watershedwas prepared using 1:40,000 areal photos of 2001 and field measurements using GPS.The area covered by gully erosion in each class of effective factors, were computed byoverlaying gully erosion zonation map with effective factor layers. Effective factorsand their classes in related layers were weighted using Multi Class Mapsmethod.Results demonstrated that 88 percent of gullies are located at high to very highclasses of vulnerability zones. Soil analysis also indicated that salinity, gypsum andsodium absorption ratio in the gullies are higher and the amount of organic carbon isless than that of surrounded areas. But, there were no significant difference betweensaturation percentage, lime and pH in the gullies and surrounded areas.