نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1389)

Tehran megalopolis as the biggest urban capital of the MiddleEast was considered a small city in compare to ancient and famous cities of Iran up to two centuries ago which was located in northern margin of Ray and had a mild climate in southern slipe of Alborz, that political revolutions of the state from Safavieh era subscribed its communicational crossroads importance. Specially, from that point of view that this city was located in the centre and geographical core of direction of powerful tribes who were claiming for administration. So that finally, in beginning of Ghajarieh era, it was selected as the capital city and its importance increased day by day, and with entering to the new age after the parliamentary revolution and beginning of fast period of civilization in Iran, Tehran by passing through its natural and historical borders and attachment of surrounding towns and villages changed into a greater megalopolis that of course met many functional, physical and social-economical problems and difficulties of megalopolises of undeveloped countries. Problems such as unidentification, uncoordinated physical and spatial context of old and new districts of city, living environmental pollutions, living in suburbs, over centralization of official and non-official economic activities and therefore uncoordinated centralization of population in this city and so on, caused that population centers and margin cities of this megalopolis grew up and changed into population poles as the dormitory centers and hinterlands of Tehran that creation of Karaj urban pole in west of Tehran is the best example in this regard. Therefore, by concentration of population in other towns around Tehran, now we face an urban assemblage and region in area of Tehran Province, and formation of such structure in body of the country, Tehran Province has had its own consequences and needs a specific great political and administrational management.

In the present article the aim is considering the role of economic rural poverty in destruction of environment in the surveyed pastures of poshtab district in zabol township.the research method is applied based on objective. And data collected via library and field method. For this reason the effection of both direct and indirect function of human on environment(pasture)  destruction resulted from rural exploiters' social and economic poverty have been considered. The factors such as : low average of per capita income of rural families ,low pasture's output and non availability of job opportunities are economic poverty factors of rural exploiters; and the low literacy level of rural family and high number of family are social poverty factors of rural exploiters. The results of research show that villager's social and economic poverty cause to environment (pasture) destruction with direct function of human) cutting shrubs to secure fuel, sale and creating pen), and indirect function of human (keeping livestock more than capacity of pasture).

Today, by a day-to-day increase in the population, the need to provide more foodstuffs for the human societies becomes more noticeable, which then causes an extra overload on natural resources. Therefore, recognizing the capabilities of natural fields and resources seems a necessary concern in producing special crops.Saffron as the most precious agricultural and medicinal product in the world, is one of the plants that according to its resistance against dryness, needing less amount of water, lack of putrefying and such effects as creating jobs and high income for the country especially in Khoräsän Razavi province has made the farmers in rural areas head toward it, since the natural potentials of the fields of Käshmar are really suitable for this plant.In this study, it is proved that the role of saffron in rural development of Käshmar township is essential and important; and it follows by suggesting the necessary strategies for a systematic planting of this product and creating a regular system for trade and export, which finally causes an increase in creating jobs, and enhancing the life style in the rural areas of the region. This also can bring about the stable rural development which is important in fixing the population in rural communities and preventing the emigration to the cities.

Finding zone such as Persian Gulf is rare which political aspects would be tested there and no zone as Persian Gulf has not been succeded to attract people to it. As history says, Persian Gulf has been important part of the world and in recent half century, Persian Gulf has been one of the most important and critical zone of the world geopolitically and strategically and due to current changes in international   relation it should be noted that in twenty first century this zone is considered as the most important place and is called Heart land geopolitics by classic. But now this zone faces a phenomenon as militarism, different view oint op countries about security ad distrust together have provided grounds for intra regional powers to interferer and affects on its national advantages and security directiy.

People's attendance in general elections to select one or more than one person in order to give them their fate and future for a specific period implies people's sensitiveness toward future. The more the degree of this sensitiveness and the more the result of the previous participations be visble, people's participation in the next elections will be increased. Iranian's political participations in parliamentary elections includes ups and downs which their reason differs from city to city. The degree of people's participation in parliamentary elections from one area to another area, and in each area from one period to another period has bring a specific geographical perspective that the study of reasons and factors will reveal it. In this paper the degree and principle of peaple's attendance in Islamic consultative Assembly Elections in 8 electional periods of khozestan provine have been studied, and it has been tried to show the importance of the subject by giving statistics and numbers, tables, maps and graph. Also interactions between country's main political groups, the tendency of people's Agents toward the specialized commissions of the Assembly, the impacts of membership in each commission on Agent's performance, and obtaining credits for that area in recent periods have been discussed.

Any changes and fundamental ones in urban environment without attention to training of Human resource is not possible and Human Resource with be enabled by equal educational opportunities. City of Zahedan with a short period of living has not  grown equally in the recent decades which has led to non justice equality especially in the field of education among citizens and zones .The results of this study shows a big difference among citizens regarding to educational opportunities and zone number two is the best and one and three are deprived ones. Among under study indicators the most difference in educational opportunities among zones regarding the indicators of private educational canters and pre elementary is with coefficient of 1.82 and the least difference among indicators of kindergarten and pre elementary is with the coefficient of 0.72. overall, the difference coefficient for all indicators are in high level which shows a severe non equality  among educational centres in urban zone. Another result is that shows ,during recent decade, the trend of distribution of educational facilities in the city of Zahedan is going to no justice in the zone number two and severe non equality and so justice in zones which is a warning to urban authorities and educational planners.

Solid waste is the natural outcome of human societies. Nowadays in Iran, the treat of mismanagmentof solid wastes are the main problems, in addition to the various other environment issues such as air and water pollutions. According to the problems of solid waste disposal management in the county of Mashad. It is needed to select a site for land filling or in huming in a suitable place. For site selection, application of geographical information system(GIS) software is the scientific method. Factors and criteria such as topography ,slope,soil type, geology, hydrologhy, distance from surface water, ground water table, population centers and access road, sources of solid waste production and others are the base data for laying the maps are used in the GIS. This paper based on several maps 2 suitable and 2 very suitable sites were been found. All of the selected lands were acceptable for land filling. The municipality of mashad can choose each of the sites with respect to the cost of the financial badget.

The purpose of most planner in Various Countries is to prove development and the ultimate goal of development is access to stable development .In planning process for rural development, recognizing structural characteristics of developed levels and environmental abilities of each region have great important. In order to resolve the problems from regional un equilibrium, the first step is identifying and leveling of the regions in success rate on social, economical and service contexts, which standardized variable method is one of supplied model in this context. In present study, using 32 index (for facilitating, infrastructure and over structure services, in each of the villages had been collected and had been indicated as infrastructure and over structure services in tables, the numbers of indexes turn to 5 indexes) which is necessary of rural development and various context of economic, social and services using standardized variable model of developed levels of Bandar Anzali had been determined and analyzed. The aim of this paper is investigating economical and social characteristics of Bandar Anzali villages with each other and determining their development rate until in decisions and regional planning in practical dimension have used.The results from this research indicates that despite of relatively homogeneous environmental conditions, villages have remarkable different in success rate and development level. Also, villages success rate in each economical , social and services dimension are not the same. In sum, we can say that 39/3% of total villages of Bandar Anzali have success and 60/7 % are deprived. This difference is induce the  necessary of providing and performing schedules and intended plans for uniformly of rural area in this town. Statistical universe of the present research are the total villages of Bandar Anzali and its method is descriptive and analyzing.