نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 11 (پاییز 1385)

The foundation of a city is a social, economical and political organized phenomenon. Itrelies on the presence of basic circumstances, which were formed thousands of yearsago in the Stone Age. The agricultural revolution also played an important part as itsexistence was one of the reasons why wondering tribes began to station themselves.Early communities were formed around fertile grounds or on river banks, whichgradually formed villages and towns. Thus the agricultural revolution was turningpoint in human existence.Agriculture was the reason why migrant who were used to hunting, stayed in oneplace and thus establish the groundwork for the creation of later cities. Cities thatdeveloped quickly witnessed another revolution in the second half and the eighteenthcentury. The industrial revolution, changed lifestyles and standards of living, andquickly swallowed traditional and ancient cities, and drastically changed them tomodern industrial cities. This led to basis for a third type of revolution. After theSecond World War, the medial revolution influenced economic growth amonggovernments as well of non-governmental organizations, and life suddenly becamevery exciting. This paper is an attempt to explain some phenomenon such as electronicmigration, social electronic control, unification of home and workplace, internetfriendship and many other phenomenons which are the creation of globalization andthe advancement of technology.

In order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain model was used For determinig dry and wet periods. At firstfrequancy wet and dry days according to their continuation were classified andfrequancy eash one was studied individually.Tthen the possibility of every sequencewas calculated monthly and a six month of cold ness period.The most frequancy of rainy days 51 days and its least is 25 days a year. Marchwith 188 and October with 81 days rain is the Maximum and the Minimum frequency.1995 and 1996 years have been the driest and wettest years.After determining thesequences , the survey of effective pressure patterns in creating rain during the days 27to 30 of November ,1 to 7 of December 2003 as a longhest period and 10 to 13 ofDecember 1995 as a period of 4 days of wetness during the driest year , the surveyperiod was synoptically analyzed for this reason. It has been necessary to use sea levelpressure maps and 500 hp and also maps of direction and speed of the wind andspessific humidity 700 hp.The comparison of the frequency of predicted sequences with the frequancy ofobserved sequences , shows markov chain model exactness in predicting the dry andwet sequences of Tehran region which have sharp mismathch of rain.In synoptically maps it was specified that the most important source of humidityin Iran have been the Red sea, Arab sea, Adan gulf, which concidence of these wetnesssources with the Persian gulf and Saudi Arabia high pressure has caused moretransition of wetness into Iran and Tehran.

Pastoralist nomadic’ community is one of the primary and simple human communitiesmigration has been a way of life for Iranian tribes looking for areas suitable for herds,since ancient times IN IRAN, approximately 28% of Iran red meat source areprovided, by nomad’s, 2% of country population. Some of them are gradually loosingtheir interests toward nomadism because of different shortages, such us lock ofeducation, health care and reterinary services. Yet some others are style in favor ofit. Although some sedentarisation projects are develop in IRAN to improve nomad’slife style, it seems migration or sedentarisation are not the main point. The problem issuch style of herding. Further more, industrial animal husbandry to gether withsedentarisation is not the resolution at least for FARS province due to necessities likebudget, expertism and hay. In the rich climate of fars province whit it’scomplementary steppes: wintry (e.g dashtake_e_davan) and summery (e.gdasht_e_arjan), there are always available grass. Further more there are welfare, healthand education facilities in wintry steppe that is not available during the migration time,fir the families. This subjects is well studied in this work by field and library research,statistical analysis by S.P.S.S program and GIS mapsin the two different sites:tol_e_shore and molla_e_balut, close to kazerun, in fars province. People oftole_e_shor have been sedentarized and yet have lost their budget’s. so they graduallyhave been chaining from producer to consumer. Mean their herds decreased from 300to 1,2 per family and previous grazeirs became simple construction workers.Consequently, the best choice for fars nomad’s is transhumance, while differentstrategies may be suitable for others parts of IRAN with the divorse ocologies.

Karstification is a process of geology and caused by mechanical or chemical erosionand solution in water, like lime stone, dolomite, gypsum or salts near the surface of theearth. Karstification is generally developed in an area where contains lime stone andlineament with humid condition. Pabdeh anticline in Lali from Zagros Fold Belt southwest of Iran is selected to study the karstification and lineaments. This study beginswith digital image processing and extraction of lineaments on Landsat ETM+ imagedated 2002 and to map geology of the area. Geographical information system (GIS) isused for spatial analysis and to generate various maps. This study is emphasis toinfluences of lineaments-tectonics on karstification and guide for exploration ofground water in kart region of Pabdeh anticline. The study shows more accrue digitalgeology and structural maps than previous maps. This study also reveals the dolinesare following the lineaments directions in the area.

Landfill is the most important and vital problems in the populous sites spatially in themain and expanding cities. In this research with nine factors such as: geology, lithology, hydrogeology, distance to inhabit and populous area, distance to road, distance tofault, distance to drainage, rain, slope and distance to site produce vast material, weselected the suitable site to landfill for Abdanan city.In this research Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was calibrated accordingto the local and zonal factors. The data layers were providing overlaid andprocessed by using GIS, RS in ArcGIS environment. According to the geological, environmentaland economical factors, the map of the best site for landfill was produced.

Rivers are characterized by a continuum of morphological diversity. River geomorphicunits also based on their setting in channel and valley divide to four parts, includingchannel bed morphology, various mid channels, bank-attached and floodplain features.Two primary channel-reach are recognized; bedrock and alluvium that theirfeatures including: fall, pothole, rapid, cascade, step-pool, plane bed (run), pool-riffleand sand ripple-dune. This paper provides a review of previous researches in rivergeomorphic units that samples and features produced from northern catchments ofcentral Alborz. The examination these river geomorphic units provide a simplyunderstanding of water and sediment transport regime and river behavior.

In integrated coastal zone management, the question of what coastal zone, is seems very important. In relation to this, definitions of coastal zone were presented using the experiments of world and especially the experiments that were done in Iran. In this way, first, the physical, human and management approaches were investigated and then, the definitions presented and related to coastal zones of Iran were analyzed. To prepare the related figures and maps, freehand software was used. The study and investigations show that in scale of the world, there is not one definition of the coastal zone and different criteria have been applied in definition of coastal zone. In a way that different boundary types of coastal zone have been presented. The existence of a great diversity of the definition of coastal zone is because of the use of criteria types, existence of conditions of physical, issues, approaches and activities. In Iran the criteria that have been offered to determine the boundary of coastal zone management in land, are two criteria of boundary first coastal district and fixed distances presented, are 5, 10, 20 and 50 kilometers.

In order to recognize and understand the mechanism governing on variations and decrease ofstratospheric ozone, the dynamical Principles which are governing on the stratosphere layerwere investigated. In this case, links between the most important dynamical components, i.e.Polar Vortex, Planetary Scale Waves, Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW), QBO andvariations and depletion of stratospheric ozone, illustrated.The results indicate that Stratospheric Polar Vortex has a key role in interannualvariability of Total ozone and account a necessary precondition for ozone depletion andformation of stratospheric ozone hole. Therefore, Shape, Area, intensity and Persistence ofPolar Vortex in two hemisphere is determining ozone decrease rate and the maximum arealcoverage of ozone hole.The results shows that dynamical forcing from troposphere is the major source ofstratospheric variations and upward propagation of planetary waves in addition to theoccurance Brewer-Dobson circulation and SSW, is controlling the temporal and spatialdistribution of total ozone and decrease and increase of stratospheric ozone. Hence, thecirculation of the winter stratosphere is strongly influenced by vertically propagating forcedplanetary waves and rate of planetary waves activity in stratosphere and their interaction withdynamical components such as QBO and Polar Vortex, additionally control of Brewer-Dobson circulation and temperature ratio, is determining transport and interannual variabilityof stratospheric ozone.The Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) is the most dramatic meteorologicalphenomenon to take place in stratosphere. The breakup of the polar vortex during a majorSSW, or during a Final Warming, leads to the greatest mixing of polar and low-latitude air,bringing, for instance, ozone-poor air from the polar vortex to mid-latitude.The dominant source of variability in the tropical stratosphere is the QBO, which involvesthe quasi-periodic reversal of zonal winds from westerly to easterly and back again. The resultsshows that the zonal-wind structure in the stratosphere affects the propagation of planetarywaves from the troposphere. When the QBO is in its westerly phase throughout the tropicallower stratosphere, the waves are refracted away from polar regions towards the tropics. Thestratosphere polar vortex should therefore be cold and strong, with less intense SSWs. When,on the other hand, the QBO is in its easterly phase, the waves are more confined to middle andpolar latitudes. The polar vortex should be warmer and weaker and therefore more susceptibleto breakdown by SSWs. In such cases, ozone depletion is less in the Polar Regions and thus,the ozone hole would be smaller.