نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 10 (تابستان 1385)

Today monitoring urban changes seems quite necessary for studing the physicaldevelopment of cities and the destruction of envirnoment as well as preventingextreme urban expansion. For monitoring urban changes precise and inclusiveinformation is needed. The result of this information analysis is used for decisionmaking on rendering services and facilities and also preventing illegal constructionoutside the city boarders. During the recent years, the progress of the technology ofremote assessment and the satellite images have been widely used specially in urbanstudies. In these studies the satellite images of 1383 and the areial pictures of 1358 and1368 and the land application map of 1375 have been used for change detection.Numerous methods are applied for change detection such as visual and spectruminvestigation, differencial study, rationing, NDVI and RGB – NDVI, regression, postclassification, fussy logic and pca. In this plan, visual method is used for revealingchanges. In this method the major change was related to changing unutilized coveringsinto buildings. The buildings include asphalt (passageways and ceiling with tar andasphalt covering) dusty passageways and the installations with non asphalt coveringinclude excavation operations.

One of most complex problems in urban planning in the late twentieth century wasconfronting the ever increasing metropolitan traffic , which has hindered the process ofdevelopment.In different urban planning, the internal traffic control network has asignificant affact in urban expansion.These network not only manage civilian andmotor traffic but they are partly responsible for metropolitan progress.The intra -citytraffic network, which is responsible for intra - city road side construction ,encourages a linear growth of development, whereas the inter –city traffic networksencourages development in the area around junctions.Achieving a high standard standara of living in a city is directly influenced by itsdwellers.Strategic research has suggested that by the year 2020 urban stability will be obtainedthrough technology in urban transportation when the correct correlation is foundbetween urban transportation systems and economic growth.This paper will provide a world -wide historical overview of the birth of themetropolis focusing on the introducation of automobiles between the 1950' s to the sand beyond. The paper will also attempt to introduce the major concerns ’1980 eachdecade regarding metropolitan transportation so that a framework of interventions ofword -wide metropolitan traffic can be concluded.Morever using guidelines of urbanplanning and considering the theories of sustainable urban development, Tehran spublic transportation system and its affect on urban development will be discussed.

In this research it will be tried to assign the relationship between the decisionmaking system , and social, economic policies with the existing structure and spatialorganization.We also want to know what the effect of building Alborz Industrial city –as aleader of growth pole-will be on the urban distribution and spatial organization gettingof Qazvin Province, Selecting the city of Qazvin with Alborz Industrial city sa ine ofthe active industrial poles of the country has caused an imbalance from the structuraland physical aspect of the province; and special effort has been made in this researchto examine the existing imbalance in the province along the time, while using currentpatterns and models in district planning.At last some solutions-suitable to economic , social and ecological conditions ofQazvin province- to modify and decrease this imbalance are offered.It has been clarified that the spatial organization getting of Qazvin Province divided into three eras. 1)The superiority of traditional economical system 2)conversion oftraditional in to modern one 3)The estabh3 hment era.In this research it will be tried to examine the spatial organization getting ofaazvin province along the time through Fredman's model and rmperfect balance of thespatial –rgoruzation getting of Qazvin province through Fredman's model has beenproved.The analysis of spatial organization getting in the district level has been dealt withusing the follpwing concepts:Anthropy models , contrality criteria, hierarchy and penetrating area, place andfeature coefficient , etc.In this research poularization of Qazvin in the urban hierarchical system of area ,imbalance in urban pyramid of the city , shortages of towns and medium sized cities inurban system and --- spatial organization getting has been agreedon,Moreouer , foundation of grouth pole of Alborz Industrial zone as the total reasonfor modification in spatial organization getting in establishment era has been proved.

In this research to control the floods in drainage basins (in the area kheirroud ofNowshahr to Sardabrud of Chalous), the mean of flood discharge with different returnperiods were estimated and analyzed using regional analysis method. To estimate andanalyze the floods, at first the basic raw data of annual peak discharge for the gaugingstations in the region were collected, then missing data was filled and new statistics,generated. The 29-year periods for this case were selected. Then, point analysis wasdone by the use of different statistical distributions. After they were studied, LogPearson Type III distribution was selected as the region. Then, Homogenity Test wasdone by the use of Run Test method. Moreover, the area of drainage basins wasmeasured. After measuring the level of significance (in level of 0.05) between area ofdrainage basins and mean flood discharge, it’s linear equation was obtained and on thebasis of it, mean flood discharge with the different return periods in ungauged drainagebasins was estimated.The results of estimation and studies have shown that, chalous watershed(drainage basin) has the most meant flood discharge value among the six watersheds.Other watersheds are as follows: sardabrud, kheirroud, kurkursar, and mashalak,Kheirsar-neirang (gerdekal rud or shalerud).

River basins have basic role to shape and development of human civilization fromprevious centuries. By establishing and initiating agricultural activities in river basins,various civilizations have been created and developed. There is various natural andhistorical resources in natural environment that are effective one stable programmingand development. Abbass Abad river basin has been originated, from 12 km of west –southern of Hamedan, Alvand Mountains.This area has been divided to tow part of plain and mountain due to thetopographical aspects some factor as lithology geostructural are effective to controlland surface. Due to the earth features, high height had been shaped. River length is 18km from river origin to Abbass Abad region average height to this area is 2600m.Due to the internal and external processes in basin, interesting land scopes havebeen created in Alvand Mountains and have been used to exercise, mountain climbingand ski. Due to the tourism and ecotourism attraction as historical Gangnamed inscription, small land large springs, small and large waterfalls, appropriate area to skiand country side areas, this region is very important. by exploitation, this region hasbeen developed and by presence of tourists, double pressure has been created. Therefor evaluating tourism and ecotourism potentials of Abbass Abad, geomorphic featureshad been emphasized beside to management method to natural resources andenvironmental hazards to improved programming to tourism and eco tourism based onecological potential.

Elevation models, a numerical expression of the continuous changes in ups anddowns, are capable of demonstrating roads at their actual positions, and facilitate thepossibility of mountain roads management. These models are also capable ofcomputing the potential of natural risks by means of satellite pictures, and can proveuseful in decreasing road accidents.For the present study, the author selected part of Chaloos Road, from Karaj toKandovan, where numerous accidents have occurred. As this part of the road issituated within the drainage basin of Karaj (Amir Kabir) Dam, the study drew on theelevation model (DEM) of this basin, which was extracted from satellite (SRTM)pictures. From this model, hillshade layers were extracted, and layers of adjustmentcurve, drainage system, gradient, gradient direction, and route of the largest gradientwere prepared. Moreover, this part of the road was extracted from a map at a scale of1:50000, and was placed in the above set of layers after being benchmarked. Followinganalyses, the potential of natural risks on this road was assessed.

Natural elements such as fertile soil, fresh climate, abundant water supply, alluvialfans, springs, minerals and so much others; now a days becomes basis for developmentof settlement, economic, industrial and agriculture centers. Beside the benefits, thereare many hazardous phenomena such as landslide, earthquake, faults, and floods thatyearly cause’s damage for man made structures.In this research we have recognized all natural hazards affects Tapirs city. Themain aims of this article are hazards verifying and their analysis and presentation ofbest procedure for countermeasures against. These analyses show that, Tabriz fault ismain hazardous factor among others; and hazards such as landslide and subsidence myaccurse after earthquake. Flood is other natural hazard in Tabriz city.

In order to recognize and understand the mechanism governing on variations anddecrease of stratospheric ozone, the dynamical characteristics of Middle atmospherespecially,atmospheric circulation and mass transport in the stratosphere wereinvestigated.The first, characteristics of stratospheric ozone such as it’s production andtemporal and spatial distribution of it has been noticed. Then, considering the veryimportant role of stratospheric circulation in distribution, variation and decrease ofstratospheric ozone, with presentation of a division of stratospheric circulation; meancharacteristics of zonal(consist of Polar Vortex, Surf Zone, QBO and summerhemisphere circulation) and meridional circulation(Brewer-Dobson circulation) hasbeen illustrated.In following, in order to explanation of stratospheric ozone depletion, trend oftemporal and spatial ozone decreasing were investigated. Finally, links between themost important dynamical components, i.e. Polar Vortex, Planetary Scale RossbyWaves, Stratospheric Sudden Warming, QBO and variations and depletion ofstratospheric ozone, illustrated.The results indicate that since 1980, the global mean of ozone decrease was about3% and the largest decreases have been observed over the polar regions of twohemispheres in spring.Stratospheric Polar Vortex has a key role in interannual variability of Total Ozoneand account a necessary precondition for ozone depletion and formation ofstratospheric ozone hole. Therefore, Shape, Area, intensity and Persistence of PolarVortex in two hemisphere is determining ozone decrease rate and the maximum arealcoverage of ozone hole.Dynamical forcing from troposphere is the major source of stratospheric variationsand upward propagation of planetary waves in addition to the occurance Brewer-Dobson circulation and Stratospheric Sudden Warming, is controlling the temporal andspatial distribution of total ozone and decrease and increase of stratospheric ozone.Hence, the circulation of the winter stratosphere is strongly influenced by verticallypropagating forced planetary waves and rate of planetary waves activity in stratosphereand their interaction with dynamical components such as QBO and Polar Vortex,additionally control of Brewer-Dobson circulation and temperature ratio, isdetermining transport and interannual variability of stratospheric ozone.