نشریه جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 9 (بهار 1385)

Most of the cities have been exposed by physical growth. This could be explained byhigh population groyth as well as rural – urban migration. This in turn, resulted the inthe development of cities upon unsuitable lands.This study deals with the determination of Andimeshk urban physicaldevelopment using T. M (1987), (ETM (2002), and LISS PAN (2003) projectionsystems.The Methodology of this study is as follows:At first urban land use maps were drawn. The urban physical development rates werecomputed based on comparsion between the maps. In the next step, taking intoconsidration the relevant factors responsible for urban physical development potential,distance layers pertaining to distance of the city from C.BD, from main routes, fromwest ravine were determined and scaled. This is followed by calssification of land into10 brackets. The final aereage devoted to future development were computed by 1408.it is suggested that urban physical development of Andimeshk were confined to justvertical development due to preservation of agricultural lands of the city.

Ecotourism is an important aspect of tourism, using of this industrial must beaccompanied with a timing and zoning plan for Bioclimatic Comfort (B.C). Importantparameter of location are: coastal kind, elevation, texture, slope,convenient limit ofcoast and important parameter of time relationship to climatic data are:temperature,relative humidity, wind velocity, solar radiation that has worked bypsychorometeric tables, Olgay, Givoni, Avanz, Bieker, atc.The research method is applied - analyze with fieldwork and software of GIS(Geographical Information System).The aim of this paper is recognition and submitting coastal bioclimatic comfort mapswith time and region.The result of this research has showed that in the all coastal zone has convenientmorphology region, Spring season hasnot B.C, Summer season in the Anzali coast hasmost B.C. coast from Rezvanshar region until Hashtpar has not B.C in all year, butAnzali coast and Longrud coast has most B.C in June, July, August.The limits of convenient B.C in seasonality and monthly submitted by B.C maps.This maps can help to us for ITCZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) planningfor prevention repeating costs.

The fast growing and changing world today, as regards the ever expanding borders ofscience and skills, has changed the geographical perspectives and domains as well,whereby the geography and geographers are affected likewise. In our society, asregards many a development made on different grounds to remove the cultural, social,economic and environmental predicaments, the educational programs should bedirected toward satisfying the country’s need for broad implementation ofgeographical science in one hand, and establishing and developing geographyprograms in universities and higher education institutes to maintain and enrich the truestatus of geography in land use planning, and providing man with places to live andprosperity as to the domain of the science of geography, on the other. The presentpaper, based on the writer’s experiences, and sources and information available, aimedat investigating the educational programs of studies, as to their contents andapplications, developed before and after the cultural revolution, reviewing the changesoccurred in the course titles as to preserving their scientific characteristics, the status ofgeography in the higher education system of the country, establishing professionalmajors and minors programs in the field, and finally proposing an undergraduateprogram (B.A) of study under rubric of “Geography and Rural Planning”.

The Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th century and David Harvey is most outstanding geographer insecond half of 20th century too. They have many philosophic approaches and articlesabout social Justice and spatial equity. This paper is going to investigate justiceconcept from point of their views and represent their common and differentiationviews.

Because geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this field of geography to Natural disasters is not makingclear still. This paper attempt to investigate of geomorphologic dimensions of somenatural disasters occurred in recent years in our country, and importance of theincorporation not only of geomorphologic research, but also of geomorphologies inrisk assessment and management programs in Iran is emphasized.Studies on some natural disasters such as landslides, sandy storms, earthquakes andetc. indicate that this natural disasters lead to geomorphic problems from two aspects:first, natural hazards produce special geomorphic landforms and second, activegeomorphologic agents are origin of natural disasters occurring. Indeedgeomorphology is a powerful field that must play a role in the interdisciplinary effortsto develop adequate strategies for prevention and mitigation of natural disasters.

The increasing development of urban community under the influence of irregulargrowth population and immigrations, leading to unplanned constructions and itsuncontrolled expansion brought about many changes in the spatial structures of urban,This overall changes in its turn require more than ever informed direction, substantialorganization and suitable spatial design. On the other hand, the fundament social,cultural and economical changes are seeking an extensive transformation in the spatialstructure of environmental complexes. Certainly, such changes can not advancewithout effective planning and guidance of urban developers.Urban and regional planners advocating formulating and regulating plans andadopting policies need continuous acquisition of information. Urban planning anddesigning from perception to designing and implementing urban plans need correct,precise , rapid and up-to-date information of local, urban and region.So far, cartographical elements (such as graph, histogram, map, photo, aerialphoto, satellite image and geographical information system) acted as a basic tool forsecuring correct, precise and up to date information leading to better understanding ofurban and regional potentialities, trends of urban planning and designing and finallyproviding an accepted image for urban .Over the recent years, cartographic knowledge, which is influenced byelectronic, satellite and automation has been on the threshold of a fundamental changeand in addition to its determining role of simulation, it has transformed into a uniquetechnique in modeling (designing for future) for the purpose of designing and planningand testing of processes and analyzing the results prior to the implementation.The aim of this article is conducting a research to explain the influence ofautomation in changing the cartography and transforming it into an effective andsalient technique in urban and regional planning and presenting a suitable model.

Today, Tourism is considered as the biggest and the mist miscellaneous industryin the world-Also it has a special importance for some Countries that are seeking toachieve a stable growth. Tourism industry is not only a capable of making jobopportunities but also it can be as a outstanding role to make social equality in urbanincoming’s among the citizens of a place.The holy Mashhad, is Known as one of the great religious cities in the MiddleEast, and welcomes to millions of tourists and pilgrims for its religions, historical. Sothe following research has an intention to find some solutions in making jobopportunities for tourism planning in Mashhad.The result of the following research shows that the Mashhad has a very potentialcapability in making job opportunities and also absorbing foreign currency in cornsthrong tourism.The most main ways at making a job opportunities, in this city are to paving theways to welcome more number of internal and foreign religious tourists, developingand equipping the accommodation centers and entertaining institutes, developing bothAir transportation and Ground trans portative equipments, and also making aemployment offices, tourist information band and well-informed centers in the in sideand outside of country.

Given new global conditions, an understanding of the Persian Gulf developmentsfamiliarity of their background. This familiarity will lead us towards the predication offeature events. Perhaps one of the most useful approaches would be to analyze theapproaches of great powers and their impacts on the Persian Gulf region. The aim ofthis article is to provide answers of the following questions:Does Persian Gulf conflict 1991-90 according to international crisis? How wouldbe the situation of regional countries in this crisis?