نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال یکم شماره 4 (زمستان 1399)

In recent decades, environmental problems caused by population growth and energy consumption have raised concerns about global warming. Therefore, this article has calculated the environmental cost with the aim of evaluating the environmental problems caused by the operation of power plants. This study aimed to calculate the environmental costs of generating electricity from different technologies. In this research, 5 thermal power plants in Tehran province were investigated. According to the emission factor of pollutants and also the specific production of each power plant in 1396, the amount of pollutants emitted from Tehran thermal power plants was calculated. Then, according to the emission factor of each polluting gas, heat rate of each power plant and the value of the damaged environment, the environmental cost of electricity generation from thermal power plants in Tehran province was calculated. The results showed that during one year of operation of thermal power plants in Tehran province, about 14 million tons of various pollutants go into the air and CO2 and C are the main pollutants. On average, the total external cost of electricity production from thermal power plants in Tehran province is equal to 8.82 cents per kilowatt hour, which should be included in the final cost of electricity production from these power plants.

With the development of urbanization and the increasing need for sustainable energy supply and reducing emissions, the position of renewable and clean energy to address these challenges has been further enhanced. Due to the scalability of photovoltaic solar systems, it is possible to generate energy from the unused space of urban buildings based on the amount of available space. Tehran metropolis, taking advantage of the high potential of solar energy and the need for urban consumption, can be a promising candidate for development of solar photovoltaic systems. In this study, the technical analysis of a 5 kW rooftop solar photovoltaic system in Tehran using PVsyst software has been done. Then, based on the latest Iran Ministry of Energy guaranteed electricity purchase tariffs, economic analysis has been performed. Technical analysis showed that with the construction of a 5 kW rooftop solar photovoltaic system in Tehran, it is possible to supply about 9 MWh/year of electricity to the power grid. The results showed that the investment payback period and rate of return of this system is less than 5 years and more than 30%, respectively. The system also prevents the emission of more than 120 tons of carbon dioxide during its life cycle.

Due to the negative consequences of vacant homes, impossibility to use scale efficiency in service delivery, highlighting the social gaps, emergence of risks (social and cultural anomalies), and price fluctuations in the housing market, some local governments, especially in cities with growing populations, have taxed vacant homes and used the proceeds to improve housing and urban development services. In Iran's economy, the issue of tax on vacant houses has always been a problem before the revolution so that in different eras various laws have been passed to deal with it. However, in practice, it has faced numerous problems and bottlenecks. One of the most important reasons for these challenges is related to ignoring the executive body in applying this tax. In particular, due to the lack of attention to the position of municipalities in the process of identification and taxation of vacant properties and lands, these laws have failed to achieve their economic and social goals. However, because of owning a comprehensive system of auditing real estate and urban lands, municipalities have a comparative and absolute advantage over other bodies (Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and the Tax Affairs Organization) in the process of implementing the tax on vacant houses. The aim of this report is to describe and explain the role and position of municipalities in the implementation of the tax on vacant houses, its importance in creating new sources of income for Tehran Municipality, which results in improvement of the quality and services provided,

Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing trends in the worldwide tourism industry. The environment has an intrinsic value which outweighs its value as a tourism asset. It is also agreed upon by environmental experts that the three elements, viz., political acceptability, social responsibility and sound environment with a perfect balance between quality and quantity, in tourism development, promotion, can ensure quality tourism and also it is one of the fastest growing trends in the worldwide tourism industry. This paper is inscribed with the aim of investigating ecotourism capabilities in Chamran Park as a green and modern recreational region and tried to evaluate this region as an economic, social, cultural, ecological area. For regarding to the purposes, use two types of strategic management method that are utilized to analyze management solutions are called SWOT method and stakeholder matrix. The results of weighted scores was represented that strength points with weighted scores of 3.25, opportunities with weighted scores 2.52, weakness points with weighted scores 1.94 and threats with weighted scores 1.7 were located in the order of first to fourth positions. Thus, it is afforded to process ecotourism management condition of Chamran Park by evaluating ecotourism capabilities of this region and introduce this region as one of the suburban and urban tourism destinations in Karaj city.

The spread of the corona through two channels of declining demand and declining supply has brought the global economy to an unprecedented recession. The shock effects of the virus on the Iranian economy will be far greater due to its fragile resilience due to international sanctions. Regional and urban economies, and consequently municipal taxes, will also suffer in the same context. Estimates of this study indicate that the prevalence of corona will affect about 20.9 thousand billion tomans from the sources of 30.6 thousand billion tomans in the 1399 budget of Tehran municipality. This effect has been studied in two maximum scenarios, assuming that the virus does not disappear during the year, and the minimum scenario, assuming a 50% adjustment of the first scenario; Accordingly, in the maximum scenario of Corona 4.608 trillion Tomans and in the adjusted scenario about 2.304 trillion Tomans deficit, in excess of the annual budget deficit of Tehran Municipality will impose on the revenue sources of this organization. Meanwhile, the budget expenditures of Tehran Municipality will be directly affected by the outbreak of the corona only in the expenditure sector, and from this area, the budget expenditures will increase by only 93 million Tomans in total.

In urban areas, a large part of the land is covered by impermeable surfaces, which leads to the formation of surface runoff and floods and waterlogging in cities. To conduct this research, in District 12 of Tehran Municipality, using the rainfall parameter and physical characteristics of the basin through the hydrological-hydraulic model, SWMM, the amount of surface runoff in different return periods for three canals of Khayyam, shahrdary and 17 Shahrivar was estimated. Then, through 4 rainfall events on 12/11/2015, 1/12/2015 and 18/4/2016 the model was validated using 3 statistics of Nash-Sutcliffe, square root error and BIAS. The results show the efficiency of the model in estimating surface runoff. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the percentage of impermeable areas has the most impact and the percentage of impermeable areas without surface storage have the least impact on peak discharges. Since the 17 Shahrivar tunnel in the eastern part of the study area does not have the ability to cross the runoff with a return period of 20 years, so the dimensions of the canal should be reviewed, which was estimated by trial and error method. In general, it can be concluded that the SWMM model has the accuracy required to simulate urban runoff and urban runoff management plans and design a surface water collection network in urban areas.

According to the path of economic growth theories, especially the introduction of endogenous growth theories to address the shortcomings of extrinsic theories, shows that economic systems in order to achieve long-term economic growth goals need to drive stimuli and improve endogenous components that originate, crystallize, and evolve from within these systems. In some endogenous growth models have stated that one country could be more successful than another if it devoted more resources to innovation. So today, the study of how to create innovation in various economic systems has become a challenging issue in the world's economic circles. An innovation system that can be implemented and applied in urban geography overcomes many urban, regional, and even national problems. Therefore, it is expected that the establishment of an appropriate system of urban innovation, given the specific conditions in each city, will make it possible to turn challenges into opportunities. Hence, this study examines the importance and status of Urban Innovation Systems (UIS).