نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1399)

Entrepreneurship skills development is an effective action in order to reduce unemployment concerns. Analysis of entrepreneurial orientation of the students of School of Agriculture at Shiraz University was the main aim of the study. A total students of the School of Agriculture (1874 individuals) were considered as research population and a sample of 365 students was selected through stratified random sampling for data collection in this descriptive study using survey. Face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of professors in the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education of Shiraz University as well as conducting a pilot study in 30 students out of the main sample (Cronbach`s alpha: 076-0.91). Data was analyzed using SPSS26 and different descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed there was not any differences between female and male students as any kinds of employability skills, entrepreneurial orientation and their tendency to starting a business. But it could be seen some statistical differences among the students of different levels of bachelor, master and Ph.D. in terms of skill workshop attendance, employability skills and entrepreneurial orientation, that the variables mean was higher in graduate students than the bachelors. Also, the respondents were categorized due to their entrepreneurial orientation and tendency to starting a business which indicate differences between groups in terms of the triple employability skills, skill workshops attendance as well as startup experience. Finally, some suggested strategies were provided in order to improve the entrepreneurial orientation and employability skills of the students.

In recent years, several production cooperatives have faced many problems in providing their support services, which need to be identified and planned to address these barriers through a diagnostic study. This research has been conducted by examining the problems of rural production cooperatives in supporting the products of villagers in North Khorasan province. The target population of this study included board members in 40 companies and 9056 members of rural production cooperatives in 189 villages of North Khorasan province. Among them, 307 people were selected as the research sample and the required data was collected from them. The results of Friedman test showed that "financial-economic", "cultural-social" and "administrative-institutional" problems are more important, respectively. Among the "financial-economic" problems, items such as "lack of liquidity", "time consuming process of obtaining loans and bank facilities" and "high interest rates on bank loans" were more important. Among the "socio-cultural" problems, items such as "lack of necessary training in business and market", "preference of individual work among villagers to participate in cooperatives" and "lack of awareness and knowledge of villagers about market trends". Among the "administrative-institutional" problems, items such as "lack of familiarity of managers of rural production cooperatives with the principles of marketing of agricultural products", "lack of support of the Central Organization of Rural Cooperatives for rural production cooperatives" and "problems of supplying agricultural and production inputs such as fertilizer, seeds and animal inputs such as bran, concentrate and barley" were given higher priority.

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to theorize and conceptualize rural entrepreneurship and development from the deconstructive perspective and discourse analysis techniques embedded in Post-Development School. Drawing on the skeptical post-development idea of Aram Ziai, a pioneer in the Post-Development School, it aims to provide a brief rethinking of rural development and entrepreneurship discourse and practice. From Ziai's perspective, the main features of skeptical post-development, in contrast to New-Populist post-development, are: first, criticizing one’s own culture and tradition; second, appropriating modernity based on local dimensions; third, shifting theoretically and practically from ideology to the nature; fourth, analyzing the culture as a social construct rather than as a fundamental and rigid essence or reality; and fifth, focusing on both the internal relations of social power and the international relations of power embedded in structures and organizations of multi-national corporations. Considering the new and multilayered conceptualization of Post-Development School and also owing to its critical essence, the main argument of the paper is that with employing the skeptical post-development components it is possible to transform the traditional strategies. For instance, ‘rural entrepreneurship’ could be replaced with ʽrural prosperityʼ which results in opening new gates to the conceptualization of (rural) development. Embracing and analyzing the new elements of tradition/modernity dichotomy, linguistic aspects, agency, emotions, the notion of power, embodiment, and nature, rural prosperity will be more comprehensive, humanistic, and sustainable than the rural entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial outsourcing is a new theory in the field of entrepreneurship and is a tool for sharing the risks and risks of business investment. The importance of entrepreneurial outsourcing, especially for large-scale companies, is theoretically clear, but the lack of fundamental studies with a practical and operational approach in this area is felt. The purpose of this research is to develop methodology for choosing the most effectiveness function of entrepreneurial outsourcing which formulated under themes of bureaucratic culture base on diverse analysis. The statistical population of the study included two qualitative and quantitative sections, in which 14 experts in the fields of management and entrepreneurship participated in the form of panel members and in the quantitative section, 25 managers and deputies in different layers of the gas company in Golestan province also participated as a case study. The basis of the analysis in this study was content analysis in order to identify the functional components of entrepreneurial outsourcing and propositions of bureaucratic culture themes. Raff's analysis set was also used for matrix analysis to identify the most important stimulus for promoting entrepreneurial outsourcing in the first section, and in the second section to select the most effective entrepreneurial outsourcing function under the theme of bureaucratic culture. The results showed that the most important proposition of bureaucratic culture is the proposition of codified systems and the most effective function of entrepreneurial outsourcing in Golestan Gas Company was strategic function.

One of the most important ways to create a sustainable market advantage is to apply the concept of entrepreneurial marketing. The purpose of this study was to design an entrepreneurial marketing model which conducted as case study in the Mellat Bank. The research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and descriptive-survey. The statistical sample included 10 managers and marketing experts of Mellat Bank. The Delphi method was used to identify the indicators, of which out of 19 indicators, only one indicator was de-fuzzy less than 0.7 and the 18 indicators were confirmed. Structural-interpretive modeling and MICMAC analysis were used to cluster the indicators. Based on the results, the indicators were classified into two levels and according to the relationships, the structural-interpretive model of entrepreneurial marketing was drawn. Results showed that the entrepreneurial marketing infrastructure in Mellat Bank, in first level include research and development, knowledge infrastructure, innovation in resource utilization and in second level include market speed, risk-taking, foresight, customer satisfaction, customer needs, customer perceived value, promoting services, the desire to be innovative, creating market intelligence, responding to competitors, integrating business processes, networks and relationships, value creation, market intelligence dissemination and ICT support. After MICMAC analysis, all indicators were placed in a cluster that has high penetration and dependence. Finally, it can be concluded that entrepreneurial marketing allows the bank to identify new customers and their diverse and changing needs and requirements.

Due to development of digital entrepreneurship, lack of systematic study on its components, and existing theoretical gaps in this area, it is important to identify the components of digital entrepreneurship. Little research has been conducted on the components of digital entrepreneurship in Iran. Due to the novelty of digital entrepreneurship in Iran, the present study was conducted to identify the components and impacts of digital entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the present study is conducted in two phases. The first phase is performed to identify components of digital entrepreneurship using the meta-synthesis technique. In the second phase, the identified components of digital entrepreneurship are finalized according to 13 experts' opinions using the Delphi technique. The experts are composed of members of the Entrepreneurship Department of Aliabad-Katoul Azad University, entrepreneurs and managers of knowledge-based companies. They were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Finally, six components of digital business, digital skills, financial condition, innovation, risk and entrepreneurial culture, and impacts of digital entrepreneurship were identified using results of two phases and measuring the reliability of the components obtained by experts and using the Cohen's kappa coefficient. The results of present study showed that digital entrepreneurship led to full-time working and remote cooperation, increased speed and accuracy, reduced costs, value-creation, improved performance, increased market share, etc.