فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 79 (زمستان 1399)

The concept of “inclusive development” has been expanded with the aim of placing special emphasis on the social and political aspects of development. In explaining this concept, the focus of how well-being is distributed to different sections of society, especially disadvantaged groups and social minorities (such as youth, women, ethnic minorities, religious minorities, etc.), is at stake. The purpose of the present study is to provide an index for evaluating the inclusiveness of development in Iran in the post-revolutionary years (1981-2016).

This study, using statistical data based on the method of constructing composite indices, has prepared a development index consisting of five dimensions and 10 components for measuring the status of development inclusiveness in Iran.

The index of inclusive development has improved over the last three decades, but the progression process in the last decade has faced severe shocks and has not yet returned to its previous position.

The present study can show the instability and irreversibility of development achievements in Iran. These results also indicate that over the past decade, there has been a divergence between economic growth with other development variables that means economic growth has been achieved at the expense of environmental degradation, reduced social solidarity and the loss of rights of future generations, and overall decline in inclusion.

Development is a multidimensional process that contains economic, social, cultural, and political aspects. Programs that have been implemented so far, have largely focused on economic growth and industrial development, and greatly neglected the social and cultural factors of growth. In this research, social development has been analyzed.

Quantitative content analysis was implemented in this study. Social development has been examined by two indicators of welfare and humanitarian. The statistical population is the laws of the five development programs before the 1327-1356 (1979-1948) revolution and the laws of the five development plans after the 1368-1394 (1989-2015) Islamic Revolution. Since the materials of the research comprise all the laws of civic and developmental plans, there is no sampling in the research.

In the development laws before and after the Islamic Revolution, in the context of social development, the welfare indicators and humanitarian index of social development have been emphasized in each period. Before and after the Islamic Revolution, much attention has been paid to some of the humanitarian indicators of development that have received no attention (political and social Proliferation, equality of rights).

In both of the pre and post-revolutionary plans, each plan had a greater emphasis on development indicators than the pre-growth plan. But what is clear is the fact that from the perspective of development planners in Iran, social development means addressing one of its dimensions, that is, visible and material indicators, while not paying attention to the human characteristics is one of the disincentives factors of development.

Intorduction:

 Population and its characteristics play an important role in planning and policy-making and setting economic and social goals. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of population growth on economic growth by meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to quantitatively combine the results of research conducted on the impact of population growth on economic growth, using meta-analysis method and comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2, STATA15) and searching in different databases among 143 articles, 48 ​​dissertations, and 32 selected articles. Finally, 18 studies were selected and reviewed based on six meta-analysis criteria.

Population growth has a negative effect on economic growth with an effect size of -0.38. Also, the age structure of the population with the effect size equal to 0.91 positive effect, the type of model used with the effect size of 2.27 in the self-explanatory vector pattern and 3.16 in the data panel pattern, the data type with the effect size (2.18, 3.13, and 0.40 respectively) in data (cross-sectional series, integrated data, and time series data) and skill combination with an effect size of 0.63 had a positive effect on economic growth.

According to the funnel diagram, the effect size of the studies did not have a diffusion bias. The magnitude of the effect on males is greater than females. Therefore, it can be said that men have a greater impact on economic growth. The effect of increasing education and skills were found to be significant.

Increasing the level of social welfare and providing the poor with discipline, security, education, health services, social security, increases the capacity of the economy in the areas of agriculture, water and electricity supply, industries and mines, business, energy, transportation, information technology. Meanwhile, the extent of government presence in how public policies are implemented plays a significant role in achieving inclusive social development.

The purpose of this study is to obtain the optimal share of government expenditures in economic, social and cultural, public, defense and security, and areas related to each of the matters with the aim of maximizing Social Welfare Index. In this regard, the threshold model and Simplex linear programming algorithm were used to estimate time series data during the period of 1971-2019.

The results showed that in order to achieve a higher level of social welfare, the share of government spending in GDP should be equal to 21.07%. Also, the share of public, defense, social, and economic affairs in GDP should reach the levels of 0.83, 2.7, 6.47, and 11.07 percent, respectively. Also, among the chapters, the share of education, information technology and energy with the highest priority should respectively be 4.05, 3.6 and 3.2% of GDP. Other chapters also have different effects in terms of sign and size on social welfare.

In the budgeting system of the country, the priority of allocating resources should be first in economic affairs with the emphasis on information technology and energy chapters and then in social affairs with emphasis on education chapter. Allocating the largest share to these matters and areas is due to their importance in the process of development, reducing poverty, and increasing social welfare.

development plans enhance the economic and social life of communities. Accordingly, present study aimed to review the health-related policies in development plans (first to sixth) of Iran based on the framework of social policy.

This is a quantitative content analysis study. Accordingly, the texts of development plan provisions dealing with at least one of the categories in the field of health, were selected as the sample. SPSS software was used for data analysis.

Results of the study showed given the degree of obligation, the degree of compulsory obligation with 55% had the highest index. Given the Health Ministry’s enforcement agent, treatment and medical education with 31.6% was the main agent. Moreover, the target groups of all members of society with 17.7%, had the highest rate. In terms of policy and service, the service rules with 57.9% had the highest rate. In the field of policy and service, treatment with 13.9% had the highest rate.

As health issues are one of the well-known instances of social policy as a set of actions and policies affecting the well-being and life of people in society, so the results of the study showed that an attempt has been made to take steps towards the realization of social policies and creation of justice in provision of health facilities for all people in the first to sixth development plans.

Social Policy refers to the government decisions on distribution of resources and facilities for achieving a certain goal in a particular period of time. These decisions are aimed at increasing the society members’ well-being and/or solving a social problem. Harmony in section and inter-section policy making provides social order, which is necessary as the basis for achieving the social system objectives.One of the most important indicators of efficacy in higher education system is its compatibility with business market and employment. This study deals with the lack of coordination in policy making between Ministry of Higher Education and Employment Department as well as the outcomes due to the certain objectives, like social order and well-being

In this study, the research questions have been addressed at two levels; micro and macro-analyses. In macro level, content analysis and secondary analysis with the help of available statistics, and in micro level, the survey method have been applied.

In macro-level, the findings indicated lack of coordination between higher education and employment policies with respect to the five-year development plans. The micro-level findings also highlighted the inter-section lack of harmony.

Disscution:

 In fact, graduates’ unemployment or lack of harmony between their jobs and fields of study/levels of education relates to the lack of coordination between the two sections of employment and higher education in macro-level. Such disharmony has disturbed the balance between supply and demand of expert forces and caused disorders in the society. Such disorder leads to graduates’ unemployment, experts’ emigration, accordingly wastes the country’s capital.

  Due to the fact that gender is important as the most basic pillar of individuals’ identities in all social relations, it is helpful to identify current deficiencies in policymaking.

The method used is qualitative content analysis in the gender analysis approach. To this end, the documents and approvals of the main women policies and social security policies became qualitative content analysis.

The results show that there are various discourses in social security policies in Iran but the dominant discourse in women related policies is the subordinate citizenship (male breadwinner/female homemaker model). This model, while strengthening the supportive approach of the social security system and increasing its costs, is not commensurate with the demands and developments of society. Although the policymaker has considered The Universal Breadwinner Model in the main laws, it contains a small proportion of women’s participation. The policymaker has considered The Caregiver Parity Model in two current decades, but have had some problems in implementation. The Universal Caregiver Model has remained at the recommendation level and few policies such as paternity leave has been considered since five years ago by the policymaker, but this policy, has been aimed more at encouraging child-rearing. Despite the similarity-based approach of specific social security laws, macro gender policies have had a greater impact on social security policies.

Formulation of policies based on the context and developments of society and consensus in the gender approach governing the policy-making environment, can resolve the existing contradictions in social security policy-making.

Iran’s social insurance system including 18 pension funds, which are part of the social protection system, covers about 68% of the working population and about 46% of the elderly population. Today, since the country’s pension funds are one of the main players in the social and economic spheres of the country. Failure to adopt appropriate strategies for managing this crisis will pose very serious risks to the sustainability of the country’s economic, social, and political dimensions. However, what has become a major concern for policy makers in the field of social security is the worrying situation of pension funds, which has reached the level of concern and warning with the sustainability and has even crossed this border in some of these funds. With the aim of sustainability, this study examines the financial status of the Social Security Organization.

This study uses cohort methodology and demographic and economic data were used to estimate the financial capacity of the Social Security Organization.

The most important economic challenge of the Social Security Organization is known as the generous pension formula including low retirement age as well as non-payment of government share of contribution.

The reform proposals should be in the form of a pension formula adjustment through increasing the period of insurance and age of retirement as well as planning for the unpaid government share of contribution to be paid regularly.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sociological components related to the participation of donors in health charities.

The sample population in this qualitative-quantitative research, in a descriptive and correlational manner, is 230 health system donors based on the database of 2018-20 charitable organizations in 31 provinces of the country. In the qualitative part of the research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 donors and the analysis of these topics in Maxqda software, led to the identification of components related to donor participation to prepare a researcher-made questionnaire.  

In this study, %29.1 of the participants are female and the rest are male, and also %40.8 of the participants are government and the rest are free. The results show that there is a significant relationship between empathy and belonging, social trust and commitment, participatory structures, philanthropic  background, social awareness and especially religious beliefs with the donors’ participatory action and between place of residence and birth, education, social network and income, with Donor participation is not a significant relationship.

According to the donors, creating social awareness among members of society is of the utmost importance; Therefore, it is possible to receive a high level of social awareness in these people. On the other hand, the lowest average was related to income, which indicates that being good does not necessarily mean having high incomes, and a review of charitable and charitable social activities confirms this.

Considering the importance of employment in forming the economic and psychological context of people with disabilities and the need for government support in planning and development of the disability, this study aimed to design a public-supported employment model for the development of disability in Iran. A review of studies shows that such a model has not been studied in previous research, and a comprehensive model for public-supported employment is essential.

In this research, we studied the basic theories about public-supported employment and disability entrepreneurship as well as its theoretical evolution. Then a model was extracted in four dimensions based on the literature. After designing the interview protocol, 13 interviews were conducted with experts in welfare, employment of handicapped entrepreneurs. The qualitative data analysis technique was the use of thematic analysis.

Findings had shown a model with five dimensions of governmental, corporate, public, individual, and occupational factors along with 29 components for disabled employment that should be taken into consideration.
Finally, the designed model was approved by 120 experts in the field of disability employment and the final model was approved at 95% confidence level.

Because the research model takes into account both policy and operational levels, the results of this study can be used to promote the development of Entrepreneurial Disability in the country by Public policy makers and managers in the field of policy making and policy implementation.