فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 80 (بهار 1400)

Temporary marriage, despite its religious and legal legitimacy, is a challenging social issue. However, a number of women accept temporary marriage due to the specific circumstances which they are facing and the problems they have. Although the women with temporary marriage and their children face many problems, there is not sufficient information about the different aspects of their lives. Therefore, as a social worker it is necessary to explore the life experiences of these women. The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of women with a temporary marriage in the city of Qom.

This study was conducted using qualitative method and based on the Conventional Content Analysis approach. The research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with fifteen women with temporary marriage experience and four social workers associated with this group of women. The research sampling method was purposeful sampling and data collection continued until saturation. The aspects related to the accuracy of the data were considered and data analysis was performed using coding and classification of the codes.

Out of interviews, 728 the codes were extracted at several stages of the analysis and integration of similar codes in four main categories include 1) "Individual components", 2) "Family Factors", 3) "The harmful social environment", and 4) "Multiple social deviances", and 14 subcategories, respectively the main theme of this research, "unsecured privacy" was extracted  from the mentioned classes.

Women with temporary marriage experience are one of the hidden and hard-reaching target groups related to the field of social work who face various problems in individual, family, and social life. It is necessary to pay attention to reducing the various problems of this group of women and increasing their quality of life at different levels, especially by social workers.

The number of female heads of households has increased in recent years due to widespread social and demographic changes in Iranian society. At the same time, most of these women are part of the vulnerable strata of society, so their empowerment is important.

The method used in this research is a systematic review. The materials used for the present study includes published articles that have dealt with the subject of "empowerment of female heads of households" in Persian scientific sites. Thirty-two articles were selected. Finally, after carefully reviewing and comparing the worksheets specific to each article, the obtained data were collected, described, and analyzed, and based on them, the purpose of the study was addressed.

In the articles related to the empowerment of female heads of households, different variables and factors have been considered. In the present article, in addition to contextual factors (age, education, number of dependents, duration of care, marital status), the main and important factors studied in three groups (socio-cultural, economic, personal-psychological) are classified and summarized. Important strategies and suggestions of the studied articles are also presented and divided into economic, social, educational, and consulting dimensions.

Systematic review of the previous articles shows that the major need for research on the empowerment of female heads of households is to pay more attention to different dimensions of the empowerment process. A conceptual model can be proposed in which the process of empowerment of female heads of households is studied in a cyclical, multidimensional, and interdisciplinary manner.

Over the past decades, women have been more exposed to sexual discrimination than men. This is because women did not have the capabilities and facilities needed to empower  themselves and reduce poverty. Empowerment is essential for the empowerment of low-income people to achieve their rights. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and introduce womenchr('39')s empowerment methods.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive. The present research is a quantitative and descriptive-analytical study. This research seeks to identify and prioritize the ways to empower female-headed households with Fuzzy Delphi (F-DELPHI) and Network Analysis Process (NAP). Data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. the interview and questionnaires were conducted in the well-being office of the  city of Savadkuh (Polsefid).

Based on the results of library studies and interviews, possible ways of empowering female-headed households were identified and categorized into three levels of person, family, and society. After distributing the questionnaire among the experts of the field and prioritizing the possible ways, the main and important ways identified were promoting social health, providing professional training, providing life skills training, creating markets, rehabilitation, providing the facilities, providing insurance and social security services, providing necessary goods, allocating more Funds for organizations to support women and offering allowances to improve individual welfare.

The results showed that personal empowerment-based ways have a higher priority than ways to empower through direct financial assistance. These ways attracted the experts attention.

Drug abuse and substance dependence are one of the major concerns of human society nowadays.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of the perception of the wifechr('39')s selfless behaviors in self-compassion and self-control in drug dependent patients. The statistical population were all the clients of addiction treatment clinics in Guilan province. From among them, 225 treatment clients were selected through available sampling method. For collecting data, Harp and Figuerschr('39') selfless behaviors questionnaires, Self-Compassion Inventory Questionnaire, and Tunjani’s self-management questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation and path analysis using SPSS version 20 and Amos software.

According to statistical analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between self-compassion and self-control. There is also a significant positive correlation between self-compassion and perceived self-sacrifice behaviors. On the other hand, selfless devotional behaviors were found to have a mediating effect on self-control and self-compassion of drug-dependent individuals, and this can play an effective role in self-esteem and self-management of substance dependent persons.

Self-compassion with more positive affection, psychological well-being, life satisfaction, high emotional intelligence and more coping strategies in self-sacrificing behaviors and devotional behaviors on the quality of coupleschr('39') relationships, as well as self-control with greater balance and control in the lives of the infant and family members and the creation of self-sacrificing behaviors, especially the devotional behaviors of a spouse, can be curable.

 Risky behavior refers to a set of behaviors that endanger onechr('39')s mental and physical health. The prevalence of these behaviors among Iranian students has increased; however, less attention has been paid to such factors. Accordingly, the major aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between family relationships and risky behaviors with the mediating role of negative affect and emotion regulation difficulties.

 This research is a descriptive- correlational study. Participants include 366 university students studying in different universities in Tehran. They were selected by convenience sampling and were asked to respond to the Family Relationship Index, Negative Affect, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Risky Behaviors questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling evaluated by using SPSS-22 and Amos-21 software.

 The result of correlation shows there is a significant positive relationship between family relationship index, difficulty in emotion regulation, and risky behaviors. Also, the fit indices of the proposed model show that this model is fit (CFI=0.96 IFI=0.96 RMESA=0.07). The emotion regulation difficulty was found to play a mediating role between family relationships and risky behaviors, especially violence, eating behaviors, and substance use. 

 It can be said, in families with a lack of coherency, understanding, and expressiveness, individuals use ineffective emotional strategies, such as risky behaviors. Accordingly, attention and evaluation to the role of them in vulnerable populations can prevent such behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to compare the hopelessness, and post-traumatic stress disorder among women with and without the experience of spousal violence in Isfahan.

The research method was causal-comparative (post-event). For this purpose, from among the statistical population of the study which comprised the women with and without the experience of being the victims of spousal violence in Isfahan, 120 persons (60 women who had experienced spousal violence and 60 women who had not experienced spousal violence) were selected by available sampling method and they were asked to complete Spouse Abuse Questionnaire, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Mississippi Post-Traumatic Stress Scale. According to the hypotheses tested, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software in two parts: descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (multivariate analysis of variance and independent t-test).

The results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between hopelessness, and post-traumatic stress disorder among the women with and without the experience of spousal violence (P <0.05). In other words, women who have been the victims of spousal violence are more likely to be frustrated than the women without the experience of spousal violence, and the ones in the former group experience post-traumatic stress disorder more than the ones in the latter group.

Therefore, timely and effective counseling and treatment are needed to reduce hopelessness and post-traumatic stress disorder in women at risk of spousal violence to reduce its adverse family and social impacts.

The aim of this study is to identify the conditions of war veterans with lumbar and cervical complete spinal cord injuries and their experience in the process of having children. As groups mentally and physically involved directly in the unpleasant consequences of the war after the war, veterans experience more "individual", "social" problems and family issues compared to other groups of veterans and disabled people. These problems include issues they experience in having children; problems that have never been noticed and can only be addressed by approaching their lives.

The study uses a qualitative methodology, essentially applying a phenomenological approach to answering questions of why, how, and what. For this purpose, we interviewed 20 male veterans who (after becoming a veteran) got married between 1981 and 1996 and faced problems such as childlessness or other problems involving having children, in three provinces, namely Tehran, Isfahan and Qom. Interviews with veterans continued until theoretical saturation was reached.

Depending on different situations they experience – i.e. in terms of family management, other forms of pressures experienced in their lives., e.g. childlessness and having children, veterans chose to stabilize and continue family life and eventually moving towards "self-regulation of family" and married life through their "belief", "psychological and emotional", "economic", and "legal" components.

Research results show that veterans got married because it was the only way to avoid the various troubles they faced. This reductionist approach to marriage and starting a family had consequences that some of them could not later get rid of. These consequences include: (1) empty nests (houses without children); (2) sexual dissatisfaction of the couples; (3) attempts to have children through medical interventions and having an only child; (4) heavy burden and role pressure for veterans’ spouses, and (5) adoption Their spouses often act as caregivers for veterans and their children. Among these families are those who relied on treatment and natural means to have children, those with adopted or no children, or those with single parents taking care of martyr’s children. Impotence, infertility, and inability to have children are among the major problems that these families experience.

Changes in the demographic and family structure of the country have led to an increase in the number of elderly and the emergence of a new group of elderly women alone. Understanding the situation of this group of women is not very important from the perspective of an outside observer, but from their own perspective in the success of aging programs and social policy for this group. The main question of this study is how this group spends the last years of their lives and what understanding and interpretation they have of their relationships with others.

In this study, the phenomenological approach of Smith, Flowers and Larkin has been used to understand the lived experience of elderly women alone. Study field is the city of Boukan in the province of West Azerbaijan, and the study population is all alone women aged 60 and over. A total of 10 people were selected by purposive sampling method and studied using semi-structured in-depth interviews.

From the total of interviews, 12 basic concepts were extracted and abstractly categorized into 5 categories, including "feeling of abandonment", "feeling of rejection", "feeling of loneliness", " concerns about decrepitude and overload" and " concerns of dying alone" it was.

This study shows that although the lonely and independent life of older women is incompatible with local norms, but structural and value changes in the family have led to the marginalization and expansion of this group of women who, in addition to its issues and problems, have neighborhood supportive benefits.

Intorduction: 

The process of modernization and globalization and changes in the value system have gradually given rise to new and unusual patterns of relationships among some Iranian youth. One of the most extreme forms of premarital relationships is the emergence of cohabitation patterns. In our country, little research has been done on this issue as it is inconsistent with societychr('39')s norms and values. This study seeks to deeply understand the experiences and challenges of girls with a history of cohabitation and provide practical solutions in this area.

The method of the study is phenomenological and based on purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion, 16 girls with a history of cohabitation participated in this study. Semi structured interviews were used for data collection, and analysis of data was done using the thematic method.

The analysis of the information obtained from the interviews revealed eight main categories: The field of gender balance, Feeling rejected and isolated, Fear of disclosing the relationship, Experience of high-risk behaviors, Experience of violence, Negative attitude to marriage, Lack of feeling secure in the relationship and worrying about pregnancy, and Changing attitudes to virginity and gender roles.

The results of the present study showed that participants, along with the feelings of gender equality and independence and greater freedom of action and change attitudes toward gender roles, with serious challenges such as stigma and social exclusion, reduced social capital, feelings of insecurity, high-risk behaviors (smoking tobbaco and drug abuse) and have faced violence.