مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 35، خرداد و تیر 1400)

There is a scarcity reports on the situation of psychotherapy as an effective treatment for mental illness and interpersonal problems in Iran.

The study aimed to explore the situation of psychotherapy in Iran.

The present qualitative study was performed using conventional content analysis in 2017. The current sample included 13 experts in psychotherapy. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. All interviews were audio recorded and subsequently transcribed. Qualitative analysis using constant comparisons was performed for transcribed interviews.

Two main categories were emerged to describe situation of psychotherapy in Iran: challenges and opportunities. Additionally, specific subcategories within each main category were documented. The challenges category described the problems in psychotherapy education and services delivery including lack of coordination in training and lack of insurance coverage. The opportunities category also described the improvement in psychotherapy status including the psychiatrists tendency towards psychotherapy, the varity in psychotherapy approaches and increasing awareness to psychotherapy in community.

The results showed that psychotherapy in Iran is facing challenges and opportunities that can affect the provision of psychotherapy services. These results can be used in policies related to psychotherapy in Iran.

Adolescents are one of the most important and influential people in society and research on their psychological issues is important.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between femininity-masculinity tendency with antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in adolescents girl.

The method of this research is correlational. The study population included girl high school students in Kamyaran in the academic year of 2018-2019, 302 of them were selected as the research sample and answered the Michel Googlen Scales (1996) and the Millon-III scale (1977). Data analysis was performed using spss software version 23 and Pearson correlation and regression statistical methods.

The finding showed that there was a correlation between feminity and histrionic personality disorder with 0.26 (P<0.05) and paranoia personality disorder with 0.20 (P<0.05). Also, the tendency to feminity predicts antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in a positive and meaningful way (F<3.965, P<0.05). According to the finding, there was a correlation between tendency to masculinity and social personality disorder with 0.22 (P<0.05) and histrionic personality disorder 0.19 (P<0.01). Also, the tendency to masculinity predicts antisocial, histrionic and paranoia personality disorders in a positive and meaningful way (F<3.910, P<0.05).

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the tendency to femininity-masculinity predicts personality disorders in adolescent. Therefore, it is one of the important psychological factors in the field of personality disorders.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a childhood disorder that is associated with a persistent pattern of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity or inappropriate impulsivity, which usually continues into adulthood.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the video game Minecraft on the Cognitive flexibility of ADHD athletes students.

The study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre, post and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was 79 ADHD athletes students from 9 to 16 years old in 2020 in Lorestan province. Of these, 30 students were randomly selected and divided into two groups control and experimental. Subjects were evaluated three times (pretest, posttest, follow up) with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Also, to test the hypothesis, multivariate analysis of covariance, repeated measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni test and Spss 26 software at the significance level of 0.05 were used.

The results of cognitive flexibility scores showed a significant difference between the two groups in the three stages of measurement (P=0.0001). Bonferroni showed a significant difference between groups in the components of cognitive flexibility, the number of categories (P=0.027) and preservation error (P=0.0001). That is, Minecraft improved Cognitive flexibility in the experimental group, but no change was observed in the cognitive flexibility of the control group.

It can be concluded that Minecraft improves the cognitive flexibility of ADHD athletes student.

Effective teaching means achieving goals, explained by many psychological and organizational factors, so it is essential to study its predictive components.

The aim of this study was to predict the effectiveness of teachers teaching based on affective well-being and components of organizational silence.

The present study is a descriptive-survey study. The research population includes all elementary school teachers in Baneh City in the academic Year 2016-2017, which was equal to 832 people. From the mentioned society, according to Morgan table and stratified random sampling method, 263 teachers were selected as the sample. Data were collected through three questionnaires, the Organizational Silence, Teachers Effective Teaching, and the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale. The data, analyzed with SPSS ver.25, using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.

The results showed affective well-being with beta score 275.0 and prosocial silence with beta score 232.0 positively and significantly predict effectiveness of teachers teaching by 00.0 affective well-being was significant in women (β=0.237, P=0.05) and men (β=0.279,  P=0.01). Also, defensive silence was significant only in the group of women (β=-0.239, P=0.05). The components of acquiescent silence (β=-203.0, P=0.05) and prosocial silence (beta 314.0, P=0.01) were significant in the men group; but in the group of women, they were not significant.

Affective well-being and organizational silence among teachers should be considered to improve teaching effectiveness.

Diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and its severity has always been one of the problems of clinical psychologists and psychiatrists, which is a significant problem for patients with this disorder due to its prevalence and treatment measures.

This study aims to standardize and normalize (Shortened Scale of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms List) for the Iranian community to use diagnostic for the severity of borderline personality disorder symptoms and determine its reliability and validity.

The design of the present study was content analysis. The statistical population consisted of 214 students of the academic year 2018-2019 of the University of Kurdistan and 25 patients with borderline personality disorder hospitalized from December to February 2018 in Quds Psychiatric Hospital by available sampling method, who responded to a Shortened Scale of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms List (Bohas et al., 2007). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha calculation, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis.

In the exploratory factor analysis, three factors were extracted that in total, these three factors were able to explain 62% of the variance of 23 questions of this questionnaire. The internal consistency of the scale category was also obtained with Cronbachchr('39')s 96% and with the retest method of 73.0, which is desirable. The Varimax wheel matrix showed that all questions could be used.

The abbreviated scale of borderline personality disorder symptoms list can be used as a helpful tool in clinical and non-clinical research to diagnose and severity of borderline personality disorder symptoms in Iranian society.

Sexual health is one of the main aspects of health and investigation of its relevant factors is so important for primary healthcare.

The present study was conducted to determine the role of meta-cognitive belief and emotion regulation strategies in predicting Sexual health of married women.

This research is a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of the study was all the married women in Ardabil City in 2020. Out of the mentioned population, 110 people were selected as the samples. Data collection was done by Meta-Cognitive Belief Questionnaire (Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), Emotion Regulation Strategies Scale (Gross & John, 2003), and Sexual Health Scale (Manavi Pour, 2008). Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression using SPSS18 software.

The results showed a significant relationship between meta-cognitive belief -0.62 and emotion regulation strategies (Reappraisal 0.56 and Suppression -0.43) with Sexual health in married women. Also, the results of multiple regression showed that meta-cognitive belief and emotion regulation strategies can predict the Sexual health of married women by 0.55 (p<0.05).

Regarding the effect of meta-cognitive belief and emotion regulation strategies on sexual health in married women, it is suggested for psychologists and health experts to pay more attention the role of these variables in the improvement of sexual health in married women.

Tolerating migraine pain has a variety of psychological consequences that should be considered in the context of psychotherapy applications.

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy based on cognitive flexibility, rumination and confusion tolerance in headache patients.

This research was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Among female students of Guilan University during the second semester of the 2018-2019 academic year, the numbers of 32 patients with migraine headache were selected by accessible sampling method and then assigned randomly into two groups included experimental (n=14) and control (n=18) groups. Eight sessions in 60 minutes per week were under-treatment based on acceptance and commitment in the group. Before and after the sessions, both groups answered voluntarily using Dennis & Wenderval’s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Nolen-Hoeksema & Davis Ruminative Responses Scale (1999), and Simons & Gaher Distress Tolerance Scale (2005). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test.

The results revealed that the experimental group had significantly lower scores in rumination (U= 62.00, P=0.005) and higher scores in distress tolerance (U=69.50, P<0.01) than the control group after the intervention. Intervention on cognitive flexibility in the headache group indicated no significant difference (U= 133.00, P<0.70).

Achieved results from the current research revealed that the acceptance and commitment therapy could be an appropriate alternative to reduce the rumination in people having migraine headache and to increase the distress tolerance in people having chronic pains.

Suicide is one of the mental health problems and the third leading cause of death among adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the role of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern in predicting the probability of suicide among adolescent girls.

The method of the present study was descriptive of the type of correlation and the statistical population included all adolescent girls in Kermanshah City in 2019. By available sampling method and based on Morgan table, 350 people were selected as a sample. The research instruments included the adolescents Suicide Questionnaire, the Bond et al. Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire, the Grater and Roemer Emotional Regulation Difficulties Scale, and the Lillton body image concern questionnaire, all of which were valid and reliable. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used simultaneously, which were finally analyzed by SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties components (except lack of emotional awareness), and body image concern had a significant effect on the probability of suicide (P>0.001). The results of the analysis also showed that the predictor variables together can accurately determine the 27.7% the probability of suicide.

The probability of suicide in adolescent girls can be predicted by the variables of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and counselors pay attention to the role of experimental avoidance, emotional regulation difficulties, and body image concern to reduce adolescentchr('39')s suicide.

In recent years, children have faced limitations in their playing surrounding, that can affect their cognitive operation.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of all types of attitudes into the outdoor playings on childrens cognitive flexibility during Covid-19 home quarantine.

This paper was a cross-sectional observational study. A total of three hundred female students by the mean age of the 9 to 11 were participated in this study voluntarily by sampling method. Participants were selected from a school in Tehrans 19th district in 2020-2021 academic year. An online survey using a structural questionnaire createing by Google forms were used for data collecting. The online questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic information, Childrens Cognitive Flexibility, and Parents Attitudes into the outdoor and playings and playing in nature. Variance analysing were used to analyze the data and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test were used to Locate the differences. SPSS25 were used for data analysing.

The analysis of variance resulted in a significant difference between the mean cognitive flexibility of those children whose parents had a positive attitude towards playing in nature compared to a negative attitude towards playing in nature (p=0.001). The results showed a better cognitive flexibility in those children whose parents had a positive attitude towards playing in nature.

Positive or negative attitude of parents towards outdoor playings has an effect on childrens cognitive flexibility during home quarantine.

The assessment of global mental health indicates a rise in mental disorders especially those related to depression.

Considering the high prevalence of depression symptoms and its serious implications, the aim of current study was to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between self-criticism and depression.

The research design was descriptive-correlational. Statitical population was dormitory male students at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A total of 270 students were selected via convenience sampling. Data was collected using General Self-efficacy Scale, Self- Criticising Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Hierarchical regression was used to analyze data via SPSS-21.

Results showed that the relationship between self-criticism and depression (r=0.70, p<0.01) was significantly positive. On the other hand, self-efficacy and depression related to one another negatively (r=-0.47, p<0.01), as so did self-criticism and self-efficacy (r=-0.59, p<0.01). Results from hierarchical regression suggested self-efficacy not midiate the relationship between self-criticism and depression (P=0.096) although 49.6% of the depression variance was accounted by the two variables.

Overall, given the direct effect of self-criticism on depression, it is reasonable to expect that diminished self-criticism reduces depression among university students.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the growth of the central nervous system is impaired.

The purpose of the present study was investigating the structural relation between depression and anxiety with symptoms of adult ADHD, according to the meditative role of emotion regulation and cognitive attention deficit.

This study was a descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all students at Universities of Tehran, Iran in 2019. One hundred and forty-four students of Kharazami University were participated as a sample group via convenience sampling. Instruments include CERQ (2006), BDI (1996), BAI (1988), CAARS (1999), and IVA (1994). Data were evaluated and analyzed with the use of Pearson’s correlation and Structural Equation Model (SEM) by SPSS-23 and LISREL.

Results showed that depression and anxiety symptom have significant direct and indirect relations with an adult ADHD symptom (p<0.05). Also, maladaptive emotion regulation and cognitive attention deficit mediate the relationship between depression and anxiety with adult ADHD symptoms (p<0.05).

Upon findings, depression and anxiety have relations with adult ADHD via mediating roles of emotion regulation and types of attention. Therefore, it could be concluded that deficits in types of cognitive attention and implementation of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, accompanied by depressive and anxiety symptoms, can explain ADHD in adults.

Neuropathic pain is a common complication of diabetic patients. In these people, the pain reduces the work and social adjustment.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on chronic pain acceptance and the work and social adjustment in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.

This study was a quasi-experimental study in which patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Participants were all patients with a diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy referred to the neurology department of Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah in 2019. Instruments included Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). The results of three phases of pre-test, post-test and follow-up were evaluated. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the repeated measures ANOVA, and chi-square tests using SPSS version 22.

The results demonstrate that in the post-test and follow-up phases, acceptance and commitment therapy could improve pain acceptance and the work and social adjustment in the intervention group as compared to controls. In the acceptance variable, the test results within the group showed that the effect of time (P=0.003, F=6.48) and the interactive effect of time and group (P=0.001, F=12.49) were significant. Also in the variables of work and social adjustment, the effect of time (P=0.046, F=3.21) and the interactive effect of time and group (P=0.028, F=3.74) were reported (p>0.001).

Acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as a psychological intervention along with drug therapy to improve the work and social adjustment and acceptance symptoms in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN).