نشریه توسعه و سرمایه
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 8، بهار و تابستان 1399)

In this paper, we consider the role of the stock market as a tax exemption policy and we also examine the impact of tax evasion and Tax corruption on growth factors.

The research method is theoretical and fundamental, and offering a continuous timestochastic growth model to study the effects of tax evasion and tax corruption on the level and volatility of private investment and public spending that are both factors of growth. In our model tax evasion and tax corruption are equivalent to diverting public resources that are productive. Stock market carry out here have the same role as a policy of tax exemption.

We argue that if the share of private investment in the percentage of GDP is growing and, on the other hand, the low-level government expenditure efficiency, if the offenders have the opportunity to invest in the proceeds of their illegal activities in the stock market, Tax evasion and Tax corruption can help develop private sector investment and tax corruption may contribute to the development of private capital if people find an opportunity to invest the proceeds of their illegal activities in equity markets

We initial emphasize the role of equity markets, showing that the evasion outcome for the private sector is not as a consequence viewed as a burden.

In recent decades, increasing role of productivity contribution in economic growth has been highly emphasized, especially in developing countries such as Iran which are facing low rate of productivity and resource scarcity. In this context one of the main influencing factors on productivity and efficiency is information and communication technology (ICT) known virtual space. Global experiences imply that virtual space could be able to stimulate job creation and value added creation. This is the main theme of this paper.

We apply parametric (Panel Data) & non-parametric (DEA) approach through provincial data. We manage it to understand not only the average effect of virtual space on national product (known as productivity) but the relative position of each province in terms of virtual space contribution in national product, in favor of efficiency.

The findings imply that virtual space, as a production input, could stimulate national product positively, although its impact has been much smaller that other production input (Capital & Labor force). Meanwhile it had significant impact on relative production efficiency in provincial level as well. However by ignoring virtual space in our basic model, the provinces efficiencies decrease by 8.6%. These results shed light on stimulating effect of virtual space on national product.

Increasing cyber space penetration rate, reducing the ICT gap between the provinces, coincided by decreasing access cost of economic agents can be considered as proper policy recommendations.

Analyzing the employment rate and its structure in the country and its various regions requires precise cognition of capacities and potentials of sectors and their compliance in the regions in order to develop a balanced and moderate production and employment plan in each of sectors and regions. Therefore, This research for the purpose of increasing production and employment with respect to the inappropriate state of the labor market has been conducted.

In this study, with deploying input-output framework of the Iranian Statistics Center in the year 2011 and regional accounts and statistical calendar of the year 2011 for Ilam province, first, Ilam input-output framework is estimated using semi-logarithmic corrected local quotients method (AFLQ), in the form of one regional tables 17, and then major sector of the providence from the aspect of employment is outlined.

Based on research findings “Other Services”, “agriculture”, “Post and Telecommunications” and “Education” sectors have the maximum employment potential and “Water”, “Services of residential building, non-residential and Real estate dealers ” and  “Mining”  sectors have the lowest employment potential. In the employment elasticity, the "Agriculture" sector the highest elasticity and the "Water" sector has the lowest possess the elasticity.

By investing and paying more attention to key employment sectors in Ilam province, we can simultaneously create economic growth and employment in this province.

Due to the complexity of the stock market in Tehran, the timing of transactions is very important. The timing of trading transactions helps analysts and traders to predict the stock prices movement. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to predict the timing of stock trading of listed companies in TSE.

The statistical population of the study consisted of all companies listed in TSE between 2013-2016. The sample is based on the systematic elimination method of 17 active companies in the TSE. Research method based on stepwise regression and fuzzy neural network based on indicators of relative strength, Moving Average Convergence-Divergence, simple moving average, Stochastic, EMA and Signal line.

The results showed that the average prediction accuracy of all networks created (96.55%) was more than random (50%). By applying the trading rules, the predicted values were converted to the signal It was suggested that the final signal of the designed system be obtained from the sum of the signals generated by the five technical indicators. Next, to evaluate the returns of the proposed transactions, the model AE using the trading strategy proposed study is a trading simulation assumptions were.

The efficiency of transactions made on the basis of the final signal proposed system efficiency methods, technical and purchasing methods and stored (in two cases before the deduction of transaction costs and after deduction of transaction costs ). Due to the positive results of SMA, EMA, SO and the proposed method, we can conclude that using these technical analysis indices in the Iranian stock market can predict the stock price trend. Meanwhile, the simple moving average method has the highest credit for predicting stock price trends. As a result, the Tehran Stock Exchange has the potential to apply various technical analysis indicators.

Given the increasing importance of ICT and its important role in improving the performance of the organization's human resources, this issue is evaluated for the preparation, processing and maintenance of information with the aim of enhancing optimum quality. Therefore, the main issue of this study is to investigate the impact of information and communication technology on improving the performance of human resources in an insurance company. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on improving the performance of the Central Asian Insurance Staff. The research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research is Central Insurance Staff of Asian Insurance which 198 people were selected using Cochran formula and simple random sampling. Data gathering tool is a questionnaire to measure the impact of information and communication technology on human resource performance improvement. In this study, the independent variable is "Information and Communication Technology" and the dependent variable is "Improving Human Performance". Data analysis and analysis were done in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study confirm the positive and significant impact of information and communication technology on the improvement of staff performance. According to the results, information and communication technology in the components of feeling empowered (3.30), then feeling effective (3.20), meaningful feeling (3.16), sense of competence (01/01), respectively. 3) and trust (2.30) had a positive effect.

The monetarists, in explaining the dynamics of inflation, have emphasized the growth rate of the money supply. However, there is extensive empirical evidence to validate and validate this monetary logic. There are a number of criticisms already suggest that the monetarists may exaggerate the emphasis on the role of money supply in raising inflation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the extent to which inflation is caused by monetary phenomena in Iran.

In this paper, the impact of money supply and other factors influencing inflation including production, exchange rate and international oil prices are investigated. The analysis was performed using the instantaneous reaction functions and SVAR econometric models.

The empirical results generally indicate that money supply is a key source of inflation in Iran. According to the research findings, all of the estimated variables have a key role to play in increasing inflation in the economy. By comparison, real output has the lowest share, especially in the short run, while inflation is more sensitive to short and long run money shocks.

The overall conclusion of the present study is that inflation in Iran is relatively a monetary phenomenon rather than an actual factor.

The culture is one of the most important factors, effective on the management  which is so impressive that affect on values and attitudes of managers and also on organizational process and  structure. This research has been done from the issues related to culture and management, in order to search a comparative study of cultural attitudes of the managers of governmental schools and organizations of Kerman city based on Hofstede pattern

The number of managers of governmental schools in this research is 345 persons and the number of managers of governmental organizations is 353 persons that 349 persons (173 people from governmental schools and 176 people from governmental organizations) have been chosen as a sample and random sampling was used.

To collect data, a questionnaire, included 25 questions was used and its reliability and validity coefficients were 0.924 and 0.96 respectively. To analyze data, graphs and frequency were used and to examine the research questions, Witney Test.

research founding show that: 1. Managers of governmental schools and organizations in their cultural attitudes tend to masculinity collectivism, High uncertainty avoidance and power distance. 2. There is no meaningful difference between the cultural attitudes (Masculinity/femininity, Individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and power distance) of managers of governmental schools and organizations.

This study aims to examine the relationship between firm size and efficiency in the automobile industry in Iran during the period of 1999-2016.

In this study, a two-stage method is used to investigate the relationship between firm performance and size.

In the first step, the performance of companies is measured using the DEA method. In the second step, using the panel data and the GLS method, the efficiency equation is estimated to examine the relationship between firm-size performances.

The results show that the export has a positive and significant effect on the performance of automobile companies. The age of the company is the U-inverse relationship with the efficiency of the company, so as the company's age increases; the threshold has a negative effect on efficiency. The geographical location of the company and the location of the company in Tehran have a positive and significant effect on the performance of automobile companies. Also, the size of the firm has a negative and significant impact on the performance of the automobile companies.

The purpose of this study is first to investigate the effect of accruals on financial constraint and to estimate the effect that these items have on financial constraint on the pricing of other stocks.

The statistical population of the study includes all the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2007-2016.

Statistics Sample was selected by systematic method over 117 companies. The research method is based on multiple regression with panel data approach.

The research hypotheses were investigated using two objective and auxiliary hypotheses. In other words, the results of the first hypothesis are applied to the second hypothesis. Research evidence suggests that optional accruals have an adverse effect on financial constraint, but non-optional accruals have no effect on financial constraint. Another negative result of the research is the negative role of accruals in critical condition on stock return by considering the trend of stock price movement based on Fama and French three factor model. In fact, companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange that have financial constraints cannot use voluntary accruals to show the positive aspects of their activity and are restricted in using it. But companies that use voluntary accruals to mark positive aspects of their market activity compensate for the stock price drop caused by the financial crisis and increase their stock returns in the short run.

In recent years unemployment is a serious challenge for Iran’s economy. According to international studies, growth in service sector can reduce unemployment while agricultural and industrial sectors, due to the mechanization and use of high technology, have greater need for capital. In addition, service sector has basic role on facilitating the growth of other sectors. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of growth in service, industrial and agricultural sectors on unemployment in Iran.

We used time series statistics of mentioned variables for years 1971 up to 2017. In order to study the short-run and long-run relationship of the variables, Co-integration approach and ARDL were used.

The results show that growth of industrial sector increases unemployment in the short-run, and has no significant effect in the long-run. Also, growth of agricultural sector increases unemployment in the long-run, and has a positive and meaningless coefficient in the short-run. However the growth of service sector significantly reduces unemployment both in the long-run and in the short-run.

growth of service sector reduces unemployment in long-run and short-run, while growth of agricultural and industrial sectors had no significant effect on unemployment. Also inflation unlike the short-run Phillips curve, increases unemployment in long-run.

One of the most important decisions of corporate managers is how to finance economic enterprises, which play an important role in the continuation and growth of their profitability. Numerous factors can affect companies' financing decisions, including the personality traits of senior managers. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of excessive self-confidence of managers on companies' financing working procedures in Tehran Stock Exchange.

The statistical population of this research is the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and its statistical sample includes data of 139 companies during the seven-year period 2011-2017. The sampling method is systematic removal and the method used for estimating the model is multivariate regression method using estimation of combined data with fixed effects.

The results showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship between excessive self-confidence of managers and financing through internal resources of the company, so that increasing self-confidence of managers reduces financing through internal resources of the company, so that increasing self-confidence of managers reduces financing through internal resources of the company. There is also a significant and direct relationship between managers' overconfidence and financing out of company, so that high self-confidence leads the corporate managers toward extra-organizational financing, and thus the amount of out-of-company financed resources increases.

Overconfidence causes managers to fail to act rationally and misinterpret their accepted risk level. For this reason, overconfident managers may, contrary to expectations, be inclined to this type of financing despite the risk of out-of-company financing, and ultimately cause to increase the company's financial costs and reduce its profitability.

Theoretical increase in the use of information technology has led to economic growth, and a strong network is a prerequisite for increasing economic growth, and also in recent years, the transformation of has played an important role in the country's economic growth and development. This paper examines the linkages between the development of telecommunications infrastructure, economic growth.

To investigate the matter, used four key indicators of operation of a macroeconomy variables: gross capital formation, foreign direct investment inflows, urbanization rates, and trade openness. By studying the MENA countries over the period 1990–2016 and employing a panel vector auto-regressive model for estimating.

Findings:

 Unexpectedly it finds the results indicate that the development of telecommunication infrastructure has a negative effect on economic growth, and economic growth has a positive and significant effect on the development of telecommunication infrastructure.

The impact of developing telecommunications infrastructure on economic growth is not significant, so policy changes need to be made. If we want to develop telecommunications infrastructure to economic growth, we need to change the relevant policies in this area.