نشریه مطالعات جمعیتی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Given the socio-economic changes in recent decades and the need to examine intergenerational relationships, this study examines the various dimensions of adult children's support of parents, including instrumental support, emotional support and financial support. The statistical population of this cross sectional survey was men and women aged 18 years old and above in Tehran who had at least one living parent and non-coresident. A thousand men and women were selected by multi-stage clustering sampling from 30 districts. The findings have shown that adult children's support with their parents was not the same in different dimensions, so as emotional support for parents was greater than instrumental support, especially financial support. The factors influencing adult children's support of  their parents are not the same in different dimensions and has been influenced by the socioeconomic characteristics, resources, needs, and barriers in parents and adult children. Instrumental support affected by parental age, living arrangements, adult children's religiosity, child committment, geographical distance; emotional support affected by adult children's religiosity, filial obligation, parental conflict, conflict with parents; financial support affected by the age of the parents, the welfare of adult children, child commitment,  conflict with parents, geographical distance. These findings confirm the theories of altruism, intergenerational and contingent solidarity.

The age structure of the Iranian population is moving towards aging, and the percentage of loneliness of the elderly is high and their percentage of residence in elderly care centers is very low. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitude of people in the community to the elderly care centers in Isfahan by survey method. Using multi-stage sampling method, 384 citizens aged 20 to 60 were randomly selected and interviewed and data were analyzed using bivariate and and multivariate analysis. Attitudes toward elderly care centers were examined in three dimensions: emotional, cognitive and behavioral, and the findings showed that people have a negative attitude towards elderly care centers. Women have a more negative attitude towards these centres compared to men, especially in the emotional dimension. The presence of the elderly in the home leads to a more positive attitude and visiting the nursing home causes a more negative attitude towards these centers. The coefficient of determination of the model is 19/3% and social capital has the most important role in determining the type of attitude towards the elderly care centers. Due to the increasing number of the elderly and the increasing share of the elderly who live alone, it is necessary to develop elderly care centers and culture in order to reduce the negative attitude towards elderly care centers to provide the possibility of living in these homes for the elderly.

In the last two decades, the marriage squeeze and economic problems in the family in Kermanshah province have been more pronounced in comparison with other provinces of the country, and this has had an effect on the attitude towards marriage. The aim of this article is to examine the attitudes of young people towards marriage. The research was conducted as a survey with a sample of 384 young people aged 20 to 35 years old in Kermanshah. Findings showed that in general, the attitude of young people towards marriage was positive. The results of analysis of variance showed that the average attitudes toward marriage of women, widows, employed and housewives, people living in neighborhoods with moderate and low welfare and people with Kord ethnicity and Lak ethnicity were more stained and significantly different from other sub-populations. Analysis of variance/covariance showed that the main effect of marital status, gender and place of residence on the attitude towards marriage was significant. In general, despite observing the difference in the average attitude of young people towards marriage in some sub-populations due to economic losses, There is a kind of convergence in the attitude of the youth of Kermanshah towards marriage.

Migration management refers to the planned approaches to operationalizing the policy, legislative and administrative frameworks developed by the institutions in charge of migration. In our country, the issue of managing migration abroad is important for the outflow of human capital and scientific and economic capacities, and it is necessary to know how. Considering the effective role of institutions in managing migration abroad, the main purpose of this study is to identify the limitations of this field by relying on the neo-institutionalist approach and using thematic analysis to achieve the thematic network of emigration management challenges. The results of content analysis of interview data with 23 elites and experts in this field indicate that emigration management challenges are distributed at three institutional levels including mental constructs at the level of the masses and political elites, institutional environment and institutional arrangements.Mental is noticeable on other levels.Also, the thematic network resulting from the analysis of the content of the data indicates a kind of weakness, inefficiency, failure, inadequacy at the institutional level, and in other words, a kind of "delay" and "lag" in managing immigration, which requires serious entry into this field and discourse building. It requires emigration at all three levels.

This research aims to study the reading of Afghan immigrants residing in Iran of their representation on the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) programs. To study the issue, the reception analysis approach has been reviewed. The research method is qualitative and research data has been gathered through in depth interviews with 18 Afghan immigrants. Based on the analysis of the interviews, the Afghan immigrants are dissatisfied with the way of representing them in Iranian television channels up to the recent decade. Based on oppositional reading of interviewees on IRIB programs, Afghan immigrants are depicted negatively in TV news and series and they are dissatisfied with this depiction. Based on negotiation reading, the interviewees believe that their representation in Iranian television was very little and marginal or they have been misrepresented before the 2010s but the focus of Iranian television on Afghan immigrants has increased. They see the representation of Afghans has differed during recent decade because of Iranian T.V attention to the Afghan battle men who battled in Syria, and due to the increase of educated Afghans migration to Europe, besides the increasing diversity of media, especially the social media. However, the results signify the relative dissatisfaction  of Afghan immigrants living in Iran with their representation in some programs of the Iranian television channel, especially T.V news and series.

In recent years, the tendency to emigrate among Iranians has greatly expanded. Therefore, in this study, employing the framework of Motivonia (motivational wellbeing) as a new theoretical perspective in the field of wellbeing, the effect of wellbeing and well-willing among English language learners on their desire to emigrate has been investigated. Through convenient sampling, 193 English language learners  entered the study. The learners were either English students of the Islamic Azad University of Islamshahr or pupils of six secondary schools of Baharestan County who were attending English courses in private language institutes along with their school English courses. The data were collected via a self-developed questionnaire in the period from October to the end of December 2019. The results of multiple linear regression indicated that the learners’ L2-domain engaging wellbeing, desire to improve their future wellbeing (as an indicator of well-willing), and two dimensions of general wellbeing (i.e. social relationships and psychological wellbeing) had significant effects on their desire to emigrate. Thus, in order to prevent the emigration of human capital, the government can turn the Iranian view of promoting wellbeing within the borders through fact-based policies.

This study  examines  factors  affecting  migration of  villages in the city  of  Torbat Heydarieh. Required data was collected with completing 366 questionnaires by stratified sampling method among farmers in Torbat Heydariyeh rurals in 2019. The statistical technique used in this study is Logit, in which the dependent variable has different states of willingness and unwillingness to daily, seasonally and permanently migration between small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale farmers. The results showed that land ownership and area under cultivation in medium and large farms have a negative and significant effect on migration type. Also, factor of gender (being a man) has a positive and significant effect on daily migration and factors of agricultural water on the farm and the amount of government support for farmers have a negative and significant effect on seasonal migration. Also, the factors of annual damage and urban welfare facilities have a positive and significant effect and the factor of the number of heavy farm livestock has a negative and significant effect on permanent migration. In this regard, it is proposed to increase the income of the villagers to the required level, complete the welfare, educational and medical facilities in the village and integrate the lands to reduce the migration of the villagers.

Returning to the origin of immigration or staying at the destination are two options that have been ingrained in the minds of immigrants since the beginning of migration. The purpose of this article is to investigate the rural attractions and urban repulsions related to the motivation of return migration and to recognize the importance of each in the formation of the motivation of return migration. For this purpose mixed method was used and the data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of this study comprised of people aged 20 to 65, resided in neighborhoods of Baharestan Pa'in, Baharestan Bala, and Tazehabad in Saqez. The findings of the qualitative part were used to gain a deeper understanding of the study context and to develop a questionnaire. In the quantitative part, the variables of education, urban relations network, rural relations network, domestic attachment and rural facilities showed a positive relationship with the return motivation, while the variables of age and number of children did not have a significant relationship with the return motivation. Finally, in multiple regression analysis, it was found that the motivation to return is more a reflection of rural attraction than urban repulsion and underlying characteristics of migrants.

In recent decades with relative stability in mortality and fertility levels, migration has become one of the most important factors influencing population change. However, due to the lack of data in this area, there are few indicators to determine the level and patterns of migration. The Migration Expectancy Table is one of the few techniques that, based on the rate and age pattern of migration and mortality, provides an individual indicator of migration that is used in forecasting the volume of population movements. In this study, using the 2016 census data, tables of urban and rural Iran’s migration expectancy were constructed according to the gender and age. The findings show the same age pattern but different rates of migration expectancy for both urban and rural routes. The annual urban migration expectancy of women with 0.61 mobility compared to the men with 0.63 mobility shows lower migrations for women. Expectancy to annual rural migration is lower for both sexes than for urban migration, but both follow the same age pattern. With these interpretations, it should be stated that with the predominance of urban migration in the country, we will see a continuous increase in urbanization and due to the peak of these migrations at a young and activity age, it is expected that unemployment sustain in the cities.

Life table is the best tool for describing a population’s mortality status. Demographers developed different model life tables to analyze mortality in countries that have an incomplete vital registration system or poor death data. However, it is not yet clear which set of the model life tables is more consistent with the age pattern of mortality in Iran. Using death data registered by National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran (NOCRI), this study seeks answers to this question: which of the model life tables is more consistent with the age pattern of mortality in Iran and its provinces? The research method is secondary analysis of cross-sectional data taken from the Statistical Center of Iran and NOCRI. After evaluating and correcting the population and death data, a life table was constructed for each province and its adaptation with the model life tables was evaluated by MORTPAK. Results show that it is not possible to find a common standard mortality pattern by gender and age in all provinces. Considering the improvements made in the field of death registration coverage, it is necessary to make efforts to develop standard model life tables based on the death data specific to Iran and its provinces.

Economic growth is an important macroeconomic goal of any country, but achieving high economic growth requires examining the factors that affect it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the factors that affect the economic growth and productivity of countries. The share of the working-age population, the child dependency ratio, and the aged dependency ratio are among those demographic variables whose changes indicate the evolution of population structure. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on economic growth and labor productivity in Iran. In this regard, we have used the ordinary least squares(OLS) method to investigate the relationship between the population structure, economic growth, and labor productivity over the period 1975-2017. The results show that the increase in the population aged 0-14 years and population aged 15-64 years has a negative impact and the aged dependency ratio has a positive impact on economic growth. An increase in the aged dependency and a reduction in the child dependency ratio is found to be associated with an increase in productivity.

Population policy-making in Iran has undergone fundamental changes in recent years, and currently, regulations aimed to encourage population growth are on the agenda of the parliament and the government. Considering that the main concern of the population control and reduction approach in all societies, including Iran -even at the family level- has been about the qualitative dimension of the population; therefore, it is expected that special attention has been paid to improving the qualitative dimension of the population in micro and macro level policies and legislations. In this study, the contents of upstream documents are analyzed and their attention to the qualitative dimension of population is examined. The aim is to evaluate the current and desirable status of the qualitative dimension of population growth in upstream documents and emerging regulations with the purpose of population growth. The results indicate that there are fundamental gaps and lack of reflection of qualitative aspects between the upstream documents and new rules (such as providing physical, mental, sexual and spiritual parenting education; providing psychological and skill-based counselling and honoring large families). In conclusion, this study addresses the requirements of qualitative population growth and the need to integrate them into the laws and regulations related to population growth.