پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

Artistic people are distinguished from ordinary people by their ability both to appreciate emotion and to convey it. Psychologically speaking, emotion is the same thing as excitement which is usually followed by feelings such as anger, fear, sorrow and happiness. Analyzing and introducing emotion from the viewpoints of both literature and psychology, this research seeks to focus on the emotion-related traits of the story characters of the Story Maroon by Belgheys Soleymani. Using the library card catalog, a descriptive-analytic method was chosen by this research which was among the first to comparatively study emotion in literature and psychology in the 2010s. Prior to the 90s, no single source of emotion in the literature and psychology had a comparative study of emotion. Maroon is a realistic story with a woman as the leading character who behaves not only in an unruly but also in a manly way.The story succeeds in communicating the emotions of anger, fear and hate to the reader, since the writer makes use of excitement-related processes to convey both emotion and feeling, making it possible [for the reader] to conceive the characters. This results in particularly impressing the audience by expressing emotion throughout the story. To sum up, knowing about their audiences' way of thinking, writers could find better tones in story-telling and communicating with their audience. This is because, having understood the mentality of their audience, writers can succeed in their works.

Time, as one of the main elements of literary criticism and novels, can be examined from different perspectives. Georges Poulet (1902-1999) is one of the theorists who, by emphasizing the importance of the element of time, based on images and narrative space, deals with the author's understanding of time. With the help of the author's illustration in the story, the effective time dimensions in creating the character and advancing the narrative, he intends to make acquaint us with the dominant space of the story in order to achieve a different perception of the text through space analysis. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the prominent contemporary writers whose works show the importance of the element of time and their related components in creating narrative, character and narrative atmosphere. The use of the stream of consciousness in Dastane yek shahr Novel, the narration of events in a bed of time and space, and the successive creation of space under the influence of associations and time discontinuities, made this novel descriptive-analytical and with emphasis on criticism. Let's examine the theme of Georges Poulet. The result of this study shows that the constant change of story time between present and past, long-term narration of the past through the lens of limited moments of the present, confrontation of mental time and objective time and representation of the inner layers of the narrator's mind, using association frequent shifts, intermittent shifts in time and space are all features of the stream of consciousness in this novel.

The narrator and the point of view are among the important elements of the story, the use of which in different ways has caused the dynamism and evolution of the contemporary storytelling. Ghada Al-Saman (1942) , narrates his novel Quabis Beirut with an inner point of view and a first-person narrator and the success of this work is due to the proper use of the narrator and the selective point of view of the author. In this research, an attempt has been made to study, evaluate and criticize the role of the narrator's point of view in progressing the adventures of the story by descriptive-analytical method. The narrator of Quabis Beirut is the protagonist who plays the role of the author's voice to provide information to the reader from a first-person point of view. Because the author narrates the hidden story from the eyes of the reader and the adventures of the story in the mouth of the first-person narrator, the understanding of the hard events of the war is more credible and effective for the reader. Selecting this narrator accelerates the movement of the story. Because it is the result of the objective and mental experiences of a particular person, and there is no longer a mediator in the name of the author between the reader and the work. The first-person narrator is unaware of the feelings and opinions of the other characters in the story. So he talks about them with speculation. He also tries to introduce himself to the reader through indirect characterization, that is, through actions, expression of thoughts and dialogues.

Intertextuality is a literary approach that allows critics to examine the links between the works in a scientific and systematic ways. The relationship of texts is a topic that was considered by researchers with structuralism. The first time, Kristova used “intertextuality” in textual relations. Later, people studied intertextual issues from different perspectives. One of them was Gerard Genette, who studied the intertextual relations in a broader and more systematic ways with all its variations and called it Hypertextuality. Genette is one of the most important theorists of this approach, which plays a key role in its application. Genette discusses the relationship of a text to each other. One of the intertextual concepts is the explicit and implicit influence of literary texts from other sources. This article uses library and analytical research methods with the aim of establishing a relationship between the intertextual theory of Genette and the types of influences from each other. The subject of his research is Alexander's Sharafnameh as a pre-text to examine and analyze them together based on Genette's views and they try to answer the following questions such as whether the pre-text of Alexander's story Shahnameh had an effect on the back text of Alexander's story Sharafnameh?

The present study seeks to find the connection between modernism and conceptual metaphors and it is based on the assumption that the principles and components of modernism influence the formation of new novel metaphorical systems. This hypothesis is based on the theories of cognitive semantics and according to the cognitive function of conceptual metaphors and the process of meaning transfer and conceptualization of the human mind. Semantics believe that metaphor is both the basis of thought and the means of expressing it. Therefore, the organization of any idea - religious, political, economic, realistic, modern, etc. - in the human mind is possible through metaphorical channels, and its emergence - in any form and format - requires metaphorical language. . Accordingly, we have studied the conceptual metaphors of the Symphony of the Dead (2007) by Abbas Maroufi as a modernist novel to show the various dimensions of this influence. Studies indicate that some of the prominent components of modernism, including new methods of narration, avoidance of clarity, individualism, cryptography, denial of a single truth, implicit references, etc. in the novel in question to have been used and in seven patterns have led to the formation of special metaphorical systems in the text.

Bizhan Najdi is a poet and writes his stories poetically. In some of his stories, Najdi has been influenced by some famous contemporary poems, nevertheless the influence has not stopped his creativity and it has not forced him to be an imitator of original works. In this article, intertextual relationships between “Taqchehaye por az dandan” by Najdi and “Zemestan” by Akhavan have been investigated. It would be discussed despite the initial inspiration from Akhavan, Najdi has criticised the current of hopeless intellectuals, after the coup d'etat of 28 August, and therefore has created a different narrative in poetry. Akhavan does not explain the reason for its disappointment in its narration, but Najdi, by pointing directly to the coup d'état of 28 August, shows that he is tired of staying at home, which is why, unlike Akhavan, he goes out from inside or out of the house.

The fictional character may be completely imaginary and the author is the creator. The author is also able to use the characteristics of himself, others and even historical and literary figures. In this case, his story will have a real background. This type of character is called a fictional character with a background, and in this article, the creation of its species is examined. Sometimes, to build a scientific and real character, the author uses the analysis of psychologists to identify various fictional characters in his work. Some of the characters created by the author become role models so that the author can use their characters in other stories as well. Some social figures express the ideas and ideals that society likes. Sometimes the author uses these characters in the story. But people hate some characters. The author may refuse to use them. In reconstructing the character, the author sometimes uses various factors such as the tone of the people in the story.