نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 61، تیر 1400)

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on interpersonal forgiveness and distress tolerance in female victims of domestic violence. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all female victims of domestic violence who have been referred to Social emergency in Sari city in the winter of 2019 and spring of 2020.  Among them, 45 women were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in a control group and two experimental groups (15 people in each group). The subjects of the first and second experimental groups received acceptance and commitment therapy (during 8 sessions) and dialectical behavior therapy (during 12 sessions), respectively. the control group did not receive any intervention. For data collection, the Interpersonal Forgiveness Inventory (Ehteshamzadeh, 2010) and Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005) were used. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and LSD post hoc test. The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy significantly increased interpersonal forgiveness (F=7.34, p=16.32) and distress tolerance (F=7.34, p=0.01). Also, dialectical behavior therapy significantly increased interpersonal forgiveness (F=11.78, p=0.002) and distress tolerance (F=9.8, p=0.012). The results also showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has a greater effect on interpersonal forgiveness (F = 9.9 and p <0.05)and distress tolerance (F = 9.8 and p <0.05) than dialectical behavior therapy. According to the results of the present study, acceptance and commitment-based therapy can be used to increase interpersonal forgiveness and distress tolerance more effectively than dialectical behavior therapy in women affected by domestic violence.

The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and relaxation on distress tolerance in females with Multiple Sclerosis )MS(. This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population included all patients with MS who were referred to the MS Association of Mazandaran and had a medical record between 2019 and 2020 years. 45 females have been selected by purposive sampling method and randomly were assigned to three groups (control and two experimental groups). Then, the subjects of the first and second experimental groups received mindfulness-based stress reduction and relaxation in 8 sessions, respectively. The Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher,2005) was used before and after education for all three groups. The findings of the analysis of Covariance showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction  (F=6.09, p<0.05) and relaxation (F=16.03, p<0/05)  have led to an improvement in the distress tolerance of females with MS. The results of the  LSD test have shown that mindfulness-based stress reduction has been more impact on distress tolerance than relaxation. According to the findings of the present study, in the field of treatment and counseling of patients with MS, mindfulness-based stress reduction seems to be very effective and promising.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of online group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to body dysmorphic and fear of body image in overweight or obese people during the coronavirus pandemic. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group.  14 overweight or obese individuals were selected by purposive sampling between September and October 2020 and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent seven 120-minute minutes online sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the study. The measuring instruments of this study were the Body Dysmorphic Metacognitive Questionnaire (Rabiee et al., 2011) and Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton et al., 2005).  Findings showed that online group therapy based on acceptance and commitment is effective on body dysmorphic and fear of body image in overweight people (p <0.05). From these findings, it can be concluded that online acceptance and commitment-based therapy have been effective for overweight people and can be used as an alternative during the coronavirus pandemic.

The present study aimed to examine the moderating effect of mindfulness on the relationship between ego strength and assertiveness. The statistical population of the present study included all students of Tehran University in 2018. The statistical sample was Three hundred and one students who were selected by the cluster sampling method. All participants were asked to complete the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (Rathus, 1973), Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 2007), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The results indicated that assertiveness had a significant positive association with ego strength and mindfulness. The results of regression analysis indicated that mindfulness has no moderating effect on the relationship between assertiveness and ego strength.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Morita therapy on quality of life and pain intensity in older adult women with chronic knee pain. The research method was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included the older adults with chronic knee pain in 1399 in the period of June to August in Tabriz. The sample consisted of 30 female patients aged 60-70 years with chronic knee pain who entered the study by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 patients each group). The research instruments included the WHO Quality of Life - BREF questionnaire (WHO, 1996) and the intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain questionnaire (Hawker et al, 2008). For the experimental group, Morita therapy was held for nine 90-minutes sessions one day each week. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that Morita therapy significantly increased the quality of life and its components and reduced pain intensity in the experimental group. According to research results, Morita therapy can help increase the quality of life and reduce the severity of pain in older adult women with chronic knee pain and can be used as an effective and complementary method along with other common therapies.

Today, mothers of mentally retarded children have many emotional problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was the effectiveness of group therapy, schema-based therapy, emotional therapy on emotional anesthesia, and emotional simplification of mothers of mentally retarded children. This was a pre-test-post-test experimental study with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all mothers with mentally retarded children less than 15 years old, Ardabil city in the spring of 1399. By referring to Ardabil Welfare Office, 4 centers and schools were selected from rehabilitation centers and exceptional schools by multi-stage cluster sampling method, and 40 families of children with mental disabilities were selected by sample method. Select simple random sampling in accordance with the criteria for research and willingness to participate in treatment from the welfare center of Ardabil city and place the mothers of the family in two groups of random assignment, experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20). they got. The experimental group received 10 sessions of group emotional therapy regimen but the control group did not. Members of both groups responded to the Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (2002) before and after treatment. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the effectiveness of the therapeutic schema based on emotional therapy is significant with emotional anesthesia (P<0/01) and emotional simplification (P<0/01). other results of this cure resulted in a significant reduction in scores of emotional numbness and emotional numbness in mothers of low - power - power children studied in the experiment group compared to the control group. in general, the results of this research show that emotional disorders can be considered as an effective remedy for modifying many of the emotional schemas of mothers of low power.

Depression and anxiety are among the most common psychological disorders that, in addition to imposing exorbitant costs on the individual and society, also overlap with many psychological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotional schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological distress. This research was descriptive-correlational.  The statistical population included students who were studying in the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities in the academic year 2019-2020, and 154 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. All subjects in the sample answered three questionnaires: Revised Adult Attachment Scale Questionnaire (Collins and Reed, 1990), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Laviband and Laviband, 1995), and the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (Leahy, 2002)... A Sobel mediation test was used to analyze the data and to determine the indirect effect. The results showed that adaptive emotional schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between secure and insecure attachment styles and psychological distress (p≤0.05). There is an indirect relationship between attachment styles and psychological distress by considering emotional schemas as mediating factors. According to the results of the present study, it can be suggested that for the treatment of depression and anxiety, simultaneously repair and improve attachment styles and emotional schemas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Ego strengths and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation with Non- Suicidal Self Injury behaviors in high school students. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive correlational and its statistical population was all high school students in Ardabil, which 197 students (102 boys and 95 girls) from four high schools selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, psychosocial inventory of  Ego strengths by Markstrom et al (1997), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale by Gratz and Roemer (2004), and self-injury questionnaire by Sansone, Wiederman, and Sansone (1998) were used. After data collection, data were analyzed using, Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression. The results showed that self-injury behaviors have a significant negative relationship with components of hope, will, competence, and purpose of Ego strengths and have a significant positive relationship with components of rejection, difficulty in controlling, and lack of emotional awareness of difficulty in regulating emotion (p<0.01). Also, components of hope, competence, and purpose of Ego strengths and the component of difficulty in controlling Difficulties in Emotion Regulation were able to predict self-injury behaviors. Therefore, according to this result, ego strengths and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation are related to the possibility of self-injury behaviors and It is necessary to be considered in the development of intervention and prevention programs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-compassion training program on Control Depressed Mood, Anger, and Anxiety in Obese Girls. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical sample of the study was 40 obese Girls students in the tenth and eleventh grades who were selected from among the students of Ahar city in 2018 by convenience sampling and in two groups self-compassion training 20 and control group 20,) Were replaced randomly. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 70 minutes of compassion training. An Emotion control scale was used to collect data (Williams et al, 1997). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings showed that self-compassion training program had a significant effect on improving depressed mood (P<0.014), anger (P<0.009), and stress (P<0.001) Had in obese girls. These results indicate that this training has good practicality for improving emotion control and can be used as a therapeutic/educational option by psychologists.

The present study aimed at predicting job bullying through work-family conflicts and basic psychological needs in nurses and nursechr('39')s aides. The methodology of the study was descriptive- correlation. The statistic population included all employed nurses and nursechr('39')s aides in city Zaradiah, out of whom, 132 subjects were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection instrument included negative acts questionnaire- revised (Einarsen et al, 2009), psychological basic needs questionnaire (Guaria et al. 2000), and Work-Family Conflict Scale (Carlson et al, 2000). Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Regarding the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between job-bullying and work-family conflicts and family-work conflicts, while there is a negative and significant relationship between job-bullying and psychological basic needs. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that 33%, 44%, and 47.2 % of job-bullying are explainable through psychological basic needs, work-family conflicts, and family-work conflicts, respectively. According to the obtained results, it can be claimed that work-family conflicts and psychological basic needs are factors influencing job-bullying in nurses and nurse’s aides. Thus designing psychological interventions by relevant authorities can be effective for decreasing job bullying in medical care settings

The purpose of the present research was to study the effectiveness of lifestyle training appropriate to the Covid-19 era (based on the BASNEF model) on the mental health of and adherence to health protocols by the students. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and a control group. The population consisted of all ninth-grade students at Ibn Sina high school in Boukan in the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 30 people entered the study by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people each). Research data were collected using the Mental Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979) and the researcher-made health Protocol Adherence Questionnaire. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in mental health and its sub-components and adherence to health protocols (P <0.05). Based on the research findings, lifestyle training based on the BASNEF model can be used to increase mental health and adherence to health protocols during the Covid-19 epidemic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and antisocial and borderline personality disorder mediated by morbid hostility and negative emotion. This research is a descriptive and path analysis that a statistical sample of 359 people (230 females and 129 males), which was available in the range of 18 to 50 years old in the city of Mashhad was selected. The research instruments included Youngchr('39')s Early maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (1990), Bagby and Farolden Personality Disorders (2007), and the DSM-5 Personnel Questionnaire based on Garger et al. (2012). The results of the path analysis showed that the model has a good fit. Gamma pathway coefficients (g) including schemas of abandonment, worry, self-punishment, and distrust of the negative emotion variable were significant (P <0.05). Gamma pathway coefficients also include schemas of concern, deficiency, self-sacrifice, superiority, and self-control to the variable of pathological hostility. Finally, beta (β) pathway coefficients of negative emotion to antisocial personality disorder and hostility to antisocial personality became significant. Also, the path coefficient of pathological hostility to pathological personality was significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that early maladaptive schemas, mediated by negative emotion and pathological hostility, are able to predict borderline and antisocial personality disorder.

Puberty coincides with the transition to high school is an important challenge for Sixth-grade students in Iran that can lead to negative emotions such as shame and fear of failure in girls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on internalized shame and fear of failure in sixth-grade girls. The present study was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all sixth-grade female students of primary schools in Babol, Mazandaran province in the academic year 1397-98, 30 of whom were selected based on the inclusion criteria by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Internalized Shame Scale (Ferguson et al., 2000) and the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (Conroy, 2002) were used to collect data in pre-test and post-test. The experimental group received eight 60-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy weekly, while the control group did not receive training. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment was effective in reducing internal shame (p <0.001; F = 36.94) and fear of failure (p <0.001; F = 34.50). Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce the fear of failure and internalized shame of female students.

The purpose of this study was a comparison of the effectiveness of group therapy of paradoxical timetable and cognitive behavioral therapy on defense mechanisms and symptoms of individuals with social anxiety disorder. The population of the present study consisted of individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder in Tehran and Gorgan that of these, 45 were selected by available sampling method and were assigned into one control group and two experimental groups. The instruments used in the study included the Defense Style Questionnaire (1993) and Social Phobia Inventory (2000). Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is no significant difference between paradoxical timetable treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy in terms of defense mechanisms and social anxiety symptoms scores in the post-test and follow-up stages (p> 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the treatment of paradoxical timetable and cognitive-behavioral has reduced defense mechanisms and symptoms in individuals with social anxiety disorder.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of clinical hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy (CBH) treatment on physical symptoms and sexual satisfaction of women with fibromyalgia syndrome in Gorgan. In this study, single-subject designs (A-A-B) were used. The statistical population includes all women with fibromyalgia syndrome who have referred to medical centers in Gorgan. According to the present research design, 9 references were used. Of these, 3 patients received clinical hypnosis treatment and 3 patients received cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy (CBH) treatment. Three patients were included in the non-intervention group as a control. In order to collect data, Powell and Enrightchr('39')s (1991) Physical Symptoms Questionnaire (PE_PSQ)  and Multidimensional Female Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (SSSW) (2014) were used. Therapeutic interventions for experimental groups were held for 8 sessions, and one group did not receive any intervention. To analyze the data, graph analysis methods, stable change index, clinical significance, recovery percentage were used. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that in terms of sexual satisfaction, cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy treatment was more effective than clinical hypnosis with 59.36% improvement, also in physical symptoms of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy treatment compared to clinical hypnosis. The effectiveness was more effective with a 57.14% improvement. In general, based on the findings, it can be said that both treatments could have a greater impact on research variables than the non-intervention group. Therefore, it is recommended that physicians pay attention to treatment such as cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy in the treatment of this syndrome

Autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders are associated with widespread social cognitive impairments that affect their social relationships. In this regard, the present review study was conducted to investigate the development of social cognition in children with autism spectrum and ADHD disorders. In this systematic meta-analysis study, published articles on the development of social cognition in children with autism spectrum and ADHD disorder from 2008 to 2020 were reviewed. In order to access related scientific documents, the keywords Social Cognition, Autism Spectrum, Exceptional Children and ADHD disorder in the titles and abstracts of articles published in reputable domestic and international scientific databases such as SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched and all related Persian and English articles were listed. Out of a total of 872 related articles published by 2020, 25 Persian and English articles were reviewed. According to the results of the studies, children with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD had low levels of social cognition and development of social cognition dimensions such as the theory of mind, empathy, decision making, facial recognition, behavior, and social interactions. According to the findings of the present study, it is recommended that interventions be taken by psychologists and therapists to rehabilitate and improve social cognition and prevent psychological disorders in children with ASD and ADHD.

According to the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is classified as obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. The predominant feature of this relatively common disorder is a sense of deficiency in body Image and body shame causing compulsory behaviors to fix the deficits or flaws in physical appearance. This review paper first presents the definition and concept of BDD. epidemiology, etiology, comorbidity, theories, and therapeutic approaches to this disorder are also reviewed. Next, common medication treatments and cognitive-behavioral interventions for treating BDD are discussed. Ultimately, paradoxical psychotherapy is presented as a novel psychotherapy model for treating BDD.

Coronavirus disease   (COVID-19), which is a threat to global health, in addition to endangering physical health, will exert irrecoverable psychological effects. Due to this, it is necessary to know the positive psychological factors and effective psychological therapies to deal with this disease. the purpose of this study was to investigate interventions and psychological characteristics affecting Coronavirus disease and its Psychopathology by systematic review method. For this purpose, studies during the years 2019 to 2020  in Persian databases were reviewed by searching for the keywords Corona, Covid 19, quarantine, psychological characteristics, and mental health. Based on the inclusion criteria, 23 articles were included in the study and their results were classified, summarized, and reported. The results showed that increased anxiety and depression, sleep problems, fear of death, and post-traumatic stress are among the psychological consequences of the prevalence of this disease for ordinary people. Also, having traits such as resilience, psychological toughness, humor and a sense of cohesion can help people against the pressures of the corona. Psychological therapies, including therapies based on spirituality, reality therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy are effective in helping to cope with illness. Based on the results of the present study, it is necessary to make educational and therapeutic interventions in order to reduce psychological problems and strengthen positive psychological characteristics to deal with Coronavirus disease.

Covid-19 pandemic had global effects on chronic patients, health systems, and the future of treatments. Among the chronic patients, people who have cancer are identifying as a vulnerable group because of their malignancy and suppressive treatments which weaken their immune system. The present descriptive-analytic article, which is conducted from studying various recent articles in Persian and English databases using the keywords cancer, coronavirus, digital treatments, diagnosis, screening, and cancer treatment, focuses on the perception of cancer patients from a covid-19 pandemic, the status of screening and diagnostic tests and the future perspective of health systems from 2019 to 2020. Cancer patients’ approach toward pandemics is on a spectrum, from anxiety and depression to feeling of peace with control and self-efficacy. Furthermore, cancer associations report that the rate of screening has been significantly decreased while it can increase the risk of metastasis in upcoming decades. However, not all treatment postpones are dangerous. It is noteworthy that cancer patients are time-sensitive, hence the health system is better to consider digital and technological treatment alternatives to minimize the patient presence in medical centers. eHealth and telemedicine had significant progress after the coronavirus pandemic and facilitate the delivery of services for patients and professionals, while the public opinion is positive about it.

Eating disorders are among the topics of interest to many researchers and have been studied from several perspectives. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), these disorders include persistent eating disorders or eating-related behaviors and have different types such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, pica, and other disorders that can lead to significant physical, psychological and social damages. One of the tools that have received special attention in recent years is eye-tracking technology, which provides useful information to the researcher by tracking eye movements. This technology has been used to study the attention of people suffering from eating disorders to various stimuli. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data obtained from these studies. For this purpose, related keywords were searched in Science Direct and Pubmed databases. After removing articles that were not suitable for the purpose of the present study, 19 articles were reviewed. The results led to three general categories of food stimuli, body and facial emotions as the main stimuli in the field of eating disorders research using eye-tracking technology.