نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 44 (بهار 1400)

To study the effects of different levels of zinc and iron sulphate on qualitative and quantitative yield of canola, a factorial experiment base on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Marvdasht. The first factor consisted of four levels of zinc sulphate foliar application(0, 2, 4 and 6 per thousand) and the second factors consisted of four levels of iron sulphate foliar application (0, 2, 4 and 6 per thousand),. Analysis of variance indicated that the effect of different levels of zinc and iron on yield and yield components of rape seed is significant. The highest number of seeds per pod, seed weight, biological and grain yield were obtained by using the concentration of zinc sulphate 6 thousand that not significant with 4 thousand treatment. Means comparison if iron sulphate application showed that the highest number of seeds per pod, seed weight, biological and grain yield was used at a concentration of six per thousand and as statistically not significant with 4 per thousand treatment. by increasing concentrations of iron and zinc sulfate the oil percent increased, but this increase was not statistically significant. In general it can be concluded that in plant nutrition managemen the application of zinc and iron 4 per thousand to reach a favorable grain yield in Marvdasht city can be more economically feasible.

Drought is the most important environmental stress in agriculture and improving yield maize under drought is a major goal of plant breeding. In order to evalutiaon 15 hybrids under normal and water stress regimes (irrigated after 90±5 and 135±5 mm evaporation from class A pan for normal and water stress conditions, respectively), a study was conducted at Dezful in Khuzestan Province, during 2014 growing seasons, using RCBD with three replications. The results of the variance analysis showed that differences among the genotypes, in terms of all indices and yield in normal and drought stress conditions were significant. Highly significant correlations were found between the grain yield and some physiological traits in drought stress condition, such as RWC and root weight, So these traits can be reliable criteria for the selection of tolerant genotypes with prospect to higher yields. Results of correlation between defferente drought tolerance indices with grain yield in both conditions (normal and water stress) showed that MP, GMP and STI were a successful index to select high yield and tolerante genotypes. Based on this indices and the results of the biplot diagram and cluster analysis the crosses SD/17×SD/15, SD/3×SD/17, CML×SD/3 and CML×SD/17 had the best drought tolerance and the crosses SD/10×SD/704, SD/15×SD/704 and SD/17×SD/10 were high sensitivity to drought and can be identified as the most sensitive hybrids to drought.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral nutrient for plant and human growth, and a dietary Zn deficiency is a worldwide nutritional problem. In other to Study effect of zinc chelate foliar application on yield, yield components, and Harvest Index 4 bread wheat cultivars in Esfahan weather conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the crop year 2017-2018 In the central part of city Isfahan. The main factor consisted of zinc chelate foliar application in two levels (Non- foliar application and foliar application with concentration 5 in thousand) and subfactor was Consist of four cultivar bread of wheat (Sirwan, Sivand, Baharan, and Back-Cross). The results of the experiment showed that there was a significant difference between two levels of foliar application and four types of wheat varieties for plant height, Numbers of fertile tillers, number of spikes, grain yield and biological yield. Also, the interaction of foliar application in cultivars has a significant difference in yield and yield components. Maximum amount 1000 grain weight, number of spike and number of seeds per spike belonged to F2V4 treatment. The maximum grain yield (6765.00 Kg/ha) and biological yield (1866.00 Kg/ha) belonged to F2V4 treatment and the lowest was 3933.00 and 6096 Kg/ha, respectively, belonged to F1V1 treatment. In general, to look at the role of zinc element in the physiology of plants, especially crop wheat, as a zinc-deficient herb, it can be increased by the application of zinc-containing compounds.

in oIn order to investigate the quantitative and qualitative response of autumn rapeseed cultivars to nitroxin biological fertilizer in drought stress conditions, a split plot factorial experiment was conducted based on complete randomized blocks design with 4 replications in the research farm of Agricultural Research and Training Center And the natural resources of Bojnourd city in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Factors were: drought stress at three levels (low, medium and serve) as the main plot and Nitroxin application (non-inoculation, inoculating with nitroxin), 3 rapeseed cultivar Natalie, Okapi and Neptune in factorial arrangment as the sub plot. Severe stress reduced the plant height (62.5%), the number of laterl branches (76.3%), the number of pods per plant (45.56%), the number of seeds per pod (1.3%), and the weight of 1000 seeds (11.52%), seed yield (19.2%), seed oil percentage (5.5%) and seed oil yield (90.45%) compared to low stress conditions. Maximum plant height (156 cm) and number of laterl branches (8.1), seed number in pods (24.8) and weight of one thousand seeds (3.44 gr) were observed in Neptune cultivar, grain yield (2062 kg.ha-1) and seed oil yield (933 kg.ha-1) in Natali cultivar and protein yield (321 kg.ha-1) in Natalie and Neptune cultivars. Overall, the results showed that the Natali was more tolerant to drought stress than other cultivars. Nitroxin also increased the tolerance of rapeseed to drought stress.

In the present study, 4 different ecotypes of Zataria multiflora medicinal plant (Estahban, Neyriz, Fasa and Larestan), were investigated in order to identify the best ecotype in terms of the highest percentage of essential oil, essential oil components, total phenolic content, antioxidant properties and polyphenolic compounds of methanolic extract. Essential oils were extracted from all ecotypes by hydro-distillation via Clevenger apparatus, then analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph connected to mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) . In total, 52 compounds were identified in the essential oils of different ecotypes of Zataria multiflora. The main chemical constituents were, thymol (34.41 - 54.35 %), p-cymene (9.49 - 19.85 %), -Terpinene (7.34 - 16.70 %) and carvacrol (5.35 - 15.34 %). Determination of total phenol and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Polyphenolic components of extracts of different ecotypes were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total phenols varied from 234.66 to 302.28 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 348.63 to 453.76 mg/mL. The predominant polyphenolic compounds in the extracts of all ecotypes included: Thymol, Carvacrol, Quercetin and Rosmarinic acid. The results showed that Neyriz ecotype has the highest percentage of essential oil and the highest percentage of thymol. The highest amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was observed in Larestan ecotype. The predominant polyphenolic component was thymol and was observed in the Fasa ecotype.

Emergy analysis is an appropriate strategy for assessing the sustainability of agricultural production systems in a region. In this study, the sustainability of production of four widely grown crops, including wheat and barley,sugar beet and saffron were compared using emergy approach in Khoushab County, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. The total supporting emergy for wheat, barley, sugar beet and saffron was respectively 2.32E+16, 1.91E+16, 4.95E+16, and 2.04E+16 sej ha-1. The greatest portion of renewable environmental resources were obtained in sugar beet production systems (4.1% of total emergy), and non-renewable environmental resources occurred in barley production systems (55.7% of total emergy). Saffron production systems showed the greatest portion of renewable and non-renewable purchased resources (40.80 and 36.48%). Introduction of saffron and sugar beet as new crops in a given region, compared to wheat and barley as preceding crops in the cropping pattern, caused enhancement in renewable emergy ratio, environmental loading ratio, modified environmental sustainability index, and emergy input ratio, while decreased emergy yield ratio, modified environmental loading ratio, environmental sustainability index, and sustainable development emergy index. Saffron and sugar beet production as new introduced crops to the region resulted in the highest modified environmental sustainability index. Although the environmental loading ratio index of saffron cultivation was higher than other production systems, modified environmental loading ratio was lower than the three other production systems. Therefore, saffron can be recommended as a sustainable crop that has put the lowest pressure on environmental resources.

In order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Zabol Branch, Iran. Experimental treatments included water stress (irrigation regimes after water depletion of 50, 75, and 90% of field capacity) in the main plots and silicon acid foliar application at three levels of 0, 1 and 1.5 mM and Nitrocara biofertilizer in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation (one liter per hectare as seed) in subplots were assessed. The results showed that the non-inoculate seeds with Nitrocara under 50% irrigation regime and seed inoculation under 75% irrigation regime in the second year of the experiment resulted in the highest wheat grain yield with an average of 1901.5 and 1892.3 g/m2, respectively. The highest total biomass was related to the inoculation of seeds with Nitrocara along with the use of 1 mM silicon in the second year of the experiment under irrigation regime of 50% moisture depletion (8793.3 g/m2). In general, under low irrigation conditions, the use of Nitrocara biofertilizer as well as silicon foliar application led to improved physiological parameters and increased growth and yield indices of wheat in Sistan climatic conditions.

The use of humic acid fertilizer had a positive effect on the measured characteristics of Iranian sage and also the percentage of essential oil compounds. Dry weight of leaves (0.5 g) and number of inflorescences (35) and inflorescence weight (1.8 g) due to the use of 15 g of humic application was obtained. The amount and type of essential oil constituents were determined by GC and MS/GC devices and a total of 62 compounds were isolated from Iranian sage essential oil under the influence of experimental treatments, of which 18 similar compounds were present in all treatments. The most important compounds in Iranian sage essential oil was reported 5-neo-Cedranol (20.11%), Linalyl acetate (16.52), Terpinyl acetate (14.28%), Linalool (5.22) and Bicyclogermacrene (4.68%). Compounds Percentage increased with increasing humic acid density. As a result of using a concentration of 15 g / l of humic acid, the 5-neo-Cedranol, α-Terpinyl acetate, Bicyclogermacrene and Linalyl acetate compounds increased by 37.5, 22.5, 32.7 and 20.5 percent compared to control. The total phenolic compounds in the plant extract due to the use of 15 g / l humic acid increased significantly and by 72.8% compared to the control without fertilizer (516.43 mg / l). The highest phenolic composition in Iranian sage extract in this study was Rosmarinic acid at the rate of 421.64 mg / l at the level of 15 g / l humic acid. The use of humic acid caused a significant increase in the amount of antioxidants in the plant extract.

Pre-harvest fruit splitting each year causing a significant reduction in yield and the prevalence of fungal rot in citrus fruits. In this research, effect of rootstock and also, physical traits of fruits on the severity of pre-harvest fruit splitting were investigated. For this purpose, a research was performed in 2016-17 based on RCBD statistical design with three blocks of three mandarin cultivars (Page, Kara and Cadoux) grafted on four rootstocks (Sour orange, Citrange, Citrumelo and Cleopatra mandarin) under dry farming condition in Tonekabon city (private orchard). Obtained results showed that, both two investigated factors had significant effects on this disorder. According to results, sour orange and citrumelo caused the highest and lowest fruit splitting respectively and two other rootstocks with no significant difference were at an intermediate level in this regard. The significant role of growth pattern, thickness and cell density of peel at the stylar end of fruits on pre-harvest fruit splitting, caused that Page and Cadoux have the highest and lowest percent of fruit splitting respectively. Results also showed that cell density on the peel of the split fruits was lower than healthy ones.