فصلنامه توسعه اجتماعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (زمستان 1399)

Citizenship is one of the most controversial concepts in modern times. Citizenship awareness means knowing citizens about the duties of government and municipality towards citizens and striving to fulfill their rights and enforce their duties, allowing the individual to intervene consciously in their own destiny, leading to the realization of their rights and a better life for themselves and other members. It becomes a community. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociological impact of mass media on citizenship awareness. This study utilized an applied navigation method. The population of the study consisted of all students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the second semester of the academic year 2018-2019. 374 students were selected by stratified proportional sampling method. Findings show that students are aware of the level of citizenship awareness and are moderately high among the variables such as satellite, internet, mobile, virtual social networking, socioeconomic status, age, degree and degree. There was a significant relationship between education with the dependent variable of citizenship awareness, and no relationship was found between variables of radio, television use, and study of books, newspapers and magazines, cinema and theater, marriage and ethnicity with gender variable of citizenship awareness; and there is a significant difference in citizenship awareness. Regression results show that these variables predict 16.2% of the changes related to the dependent variable.

In a society where all people can use their capacity and enjoy equal opportunities, there is collective joy and spirit, and this feedback comes back to the community and enhances social participation, capital, and solidarity. In addition, it can make the country grow and develop, but, as we know, disability in some societies limits people and they cannot even find a suitable job. On the other hand, according to statistics and evidence, the unemployment rate of people with disabilities is on the rise and unemployment causes many problems for them. Numerous organizations and companies have taken steps to solve the employment problem of these people, and even some of these companies were start-ups created by some of the disabled, but this problem still remains unresolved. In this research, we seek to investigate the problem and provide some solutions. After reviewing the issue, we conducted this study at Salam Social Innovation Center. At first, the model was implemented through using the four-stage model of David Peter Stroh. Interviews were conducted with related people and stakeholders and then data were analyzed by using action research methodology. Suggestions were also provided in two parts: quick fixes and fundamental solutions. In the quick-fix solution section, some actions can solve the problem cross-sectionally (such as the government's requirement to hire the disabled or pay them pensions), but the key to solving this problem is to pay attention to these people's special abilities and not to their disabilities.

The importance of cyberspace (Internet and social networks) in today's human life is undeniable. As it has overshadowed all the different areas of people's lives. Leisure patterns are one of these aspects. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the changes that have occurred in these patterns under the influence of cyberspace. Research presents the relationship between these two variables in the form of class analysis. For this purpose, 330 people in Isfahan were studied using a quantitative method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was distributed among the three social classes of upper, middle and lower in the age range of 20-60 years. The validity of the questionnaire was formal and was confirmed by a group of experienced professors and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was higher than the desired level (0.70) for all dimensions. Findings show that cyberspace has affected leisure patterns. Thus, leisure patterns have changed from being active, being collective, being real, self-fulfilling, to becoming passive, individualized, virtual, and deviant. Another important result of the research is the confirmation of class adjustment. Thus, the class has influenced the mechanism of influence between cyberspace and leisure-based patterns of active / passive, collective individual, and virtual / real. The mechanism of this effect was the same in the upper and lower classes, but in the middle class it was less intense and different from the other two classes.

Environmental interactions are influenced by factors that are created and reinforced during a person's socialization. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the causes affecting people's biological behaviors in the process of socialization, the experiences and skills they find in this field, the responsibilities they accept and the role of knowledge and awareness they acquire in the learning process. This research was conducted during the academic year of 2015-2016 at Tabriz University of Tabriz by survey method. The statistical population is the students of Tabriz University that 302 of whom have been selected by stratified sampling. The research findings show that the average environmental lifestyle in the range of 52 to 133 is equal to 99.59%, which shows Students' environmental lifestyles are abundant. Also, among the six dimensions of environmental lifestyle, public transportation using, has the lowest average, in the scale of the present study, compared to the average of other dimensions studied environmental lifestyle. The results of the hypothesis test also show that the positive and significant relationship between environmental lifestyle and social capital and its three dimensions including social trust, social cohesion and social participation, as well as cultural capital and its dimensions and environmental knowledge. The results of environmental lifestyle regression analysis show that the three variables of social participation, environmental knowledge and objective dimension of cultural capital in general explain about 19% variance of environmental lifestyle at Tabriz University students.

The present study is entitled "Cultural context of economic action"with the aim to explore and provide a model of cultural contexts of economic action among Kermanshah’ citizens. The research literature is also inspired by neoclassical economics, the theories of Ronald Inglehart, Christine Welzel, Max Weber, Werner Sombart, and the theory of the Peasant Sub-Culture.The research method is qualitative. The data collection technique was also a semi-structured interview. The interview reached theoretical saturation after conducting among 35 purposeful selected individuals. Data encoding is also in three forms of open, axial and selective coding, and the extracted codes are compiled based on Strauss and Corbin logic in the form of a template. To assess the validity of the experts and to assess the reliability, we have tried to retest the method of work (Test-Retest Reliability). The results showed that the paradigmatic pattern of Kermanshah' citizens economic actions are influenced by various cultural factors such as religion, customs and proverbs. The effectiveness of these factors is influenced by the contextual factors that are most spatially and temporally relevant, also the interference conditions that related to the individual's inner and social attitudes. The next theme in the designed model was the axial phenomenon. The concepts related to the axial phenomenon in economic actions of Kermanshah' citizens fall into five categories (nature of money in time and place, internal factors of economic behaviours, social factors of economic behaviours, type of capital accumulation, and type of economic activities). Finally, strategies based on prior theorems lead to the consequences that economic action has on the mental readiness of actors to deal with money, labour, and savings.

The main purpose of this thesis is the genealogy of political currents and its relations to religious readings after the Islamic Revolution. To achieve this aim, the constitutional period untill now has been investigated, but with more emphasizing on political currents and their relation with religious readings. This research is based on Fairclough theory and its method including describing, interpreting and explaining the text along with Laclau and Mouffe theory and its method which includes identifying the meaning and text, time and place, semantic conflicts, and socio-political practices of political discourse. In this research three religious readings were examined from the constitutional period untill now. In each period these readings show themselves in different form and have selected a suitable describtion with the discourse but in spite of historical gap, these readings’ nodal points show no changes. In general, the purpose of this study is not to find solutions, but in the first place it tries to find clear describtion of the subject and at higher levels, to achive theoretical analysis, the relation between the social political currents and the basis of religious reading determined and finally genealogy of political currents were done. It became clear in this study that religious discourse is not an intrinsic task of pre - built, but it is made as a social reality by "language". The characteristic of this semantics is that it has nothing permanent. No religious discourse has been fully established in this study and has always been floating in range of complete fixation to instability & complete dislocation & this is the characteristic exclusivity & significance of ontology of discourse analysis theory that is based on this study.

Today, sustainable urban development with emphasis on sustainability and continuity of public development-especially in extractive cities that have grown exponentially through natural resource extraction-has been considered by policy makers and in different countries. The city of Abadan is not known as a resource-oriented or extractive city, but the agency of the oil industry and the establishment of an oil refinery have played a major role in the development of this city. Therefore, the same issues that occur in extractive and resource-oriented cities have affected this city as well. Various studies on these cities show that development in all dimensions has not occurred in these cities and there are instabilities in this area. The purpose of this study is to investigate the urban sustainability of Abadan under the influence of oil industry activities. In this study, the method of triangulation with field observation techniques, urban ethnography, documentary sources and in-depth interviews and oral history has been used. The results show that Abadan, despite experiencing growth and development due to the establishment of the oil company, has experienced economic, environmental and social instabilities due to the presence of oil facilities. This has intensified especially after the revolution and the imposed war due to unbalanced management and the destruction of infrastructure; So that today we only see nostalgia and memory of old Abadan in the public attitude of the people of Abadan.

The present study aims at investigating discourse analysis of economic development of rural communities in the Iranian post-revolutionary governments. Three governments of Executives of Construction (Kargozaran), Reformist, and Conservative (1989-2013) comprised the research scope. The propositions or communicative events were collected as the texts of development five-year plans and certain political movements based on which the governments took step. This study is a qualitative research which used a combination of Fairclough, Laclau and Mouffe Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methods as the conceptual framework and methodology basis. Findings show that distinctions made between “self” and “other” have caused exclusion and marginalization in political conflicts. The dominant discourse hegemony in conflicts has been effective and decisive over the concept of development, and this supports the research. The findings demonstrate that among the effective explanatory factors on rural development concept in discourses of the three governments are top-down approach, reliance on oil-based economy or "oil state", rural economy history, unnoticed grassroots development process, and paying more attention to certain sectors. Also, the bottom-up development approach was more significant during the Reformist government. Rural development and renovation have been held a significant position in the post-revolutionary governments. However, on account of discursive consequences resulted from the rural development position affected by discourses of governments including poverty, inequality, and loss of rural population which caused increased suburbanization and urban poor, the development process turned to be an uphill struggle.