نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 62، امرداد 1400)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious orientation and marital satisfaction with the mediating role of gratitude. This is a descriptive-analytical study, was performed using correlation and path analysis. In this study, 148 teachers and students of Cultural Official of Qom were selected by random sampling and completed the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Olson and et al,1989), the Religious Orientation Questionnaire (Allport & Ross, 1950), and the Gratitude Questionnaire (McClough, Ammons & Sang, 2002). For data analysis, In addition to descriptive methods, structural equation model and Boot strop were used (P˂0/01). Structural equation model analyses emphasize the fitness of the proposed model with empirical data. The results indicated a direct effect of religious orientation on marital satisfaction and the indirect effect of this variable through gratitude on marital satisfaction. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that gratitude plays a mediating role in the relationship between religious orientation and marital satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, on self-control and emotional flexibility in women with compulsive buying. The method of the present study was Semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all women aged 20-45 years in Rasht in the first half of 2020 that 45 people were identified through random sampling through screening (15 people acceptance and commitment therapy; 15 people mind-based cognitive therapy Awareness and 15 controls). Each experimental group received 8 training sessions of 90 minutes of therapeutic intervention. Data collection tools included the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale (Faber & Ochr('39')guinn, 1992), the Self-Control Scale Tangney, Baumeister & Boone (2004), and the Emotional Flexibility Questionnaire (Taghizadeh and Mohebipour, 2017). The collected data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and El-Matrix post hoc test. According to the research findings, both treatments had a significant effect on improving self-control and emotional resilience in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.01). Also, the results of the post hoc test showed that the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the variables of emotional flexibility (all components) (P<0.024) and self-control (P<0.025) was greater than cognitive therapy based on mindfulness. The results emphasize the importance of using both therapies to improve self-control and emotional resilience in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder by psychotherapists.

Recent studies have argued that emotional impulsiveness and deficient emotional self-regulation are central components in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, utilization of emotion, and appraisal of emotion in predicting adultschr('39') attention-deficit/ hyperactivity symptoms. So, Two hundred and ninety-three undergraduate and MA students (141 boys and 152 girls) were selected by convenience sampling and answered the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), and Emotional Intelligence Scale-41 (FEIS-41). The result of hierarchical regression analysis showed after removing the effect of utilization of emotion and appraisal of emotion, five cognitive strategies of emotion regulation including self-blame, catastrophizing, other-blame, refocus on planning and positive reappraisal significantly have a role in predicting adult ADHD symptoms. The results suggest that cognitive emotion regulation strategies must be included in the conceptualization and diagnosis of Adult ADHD.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that is associated with abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, or a combination of symptoms. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy on clinical symptoms of patients with Irritable bowel syndrome. The method of this study was quasi-experimental With a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all patients with irritable bowel syndrome referred to gastroenterologists in Urmia city during May – June 2019. Among them, 30 patients were selected by convenience method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 patients in each group).  The Bowel symptoms severity-frequency scale (Solati Dehkordi et al, 2011) was administered in pre-test and post-test. The experimental group received cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy for 8 weekly sessions for 60 minutes, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that the average scores of physical symptoms in the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group in the post-test (p≤0/001, F=477/58). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy can be effective in improving patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of maternal caregiving quality in the relationship between the mother¢s self-esteem and the child¢s emotional and behavioral disorders. 388 mothers with 6-14 years old children in primary schools of 2 and 5 districts of Tehran in the academic year of 1398 entered the study by the convenience sampling method and answered to the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (O’Brien & Epstein, 1998) and Maternal Caregiving Quality Scale (Ghanbari et al., 1390). The path analysis test results showed that the indirect impact of the mother¢s self-esteem on childrenchr('39')s internalizing (b=0/14) and externalizing problems (b=0/23) is significant with the mediating role of maternal caregiving quality. This study corroborates the mediating role of maternal caregiving quality in the relationship between the mother¢s self-esteem and emotional and behavioral disorders in children. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the mother¢s self-esteem and the quality of maternal caregiving have significant effects on emerging child¢s emotional and behavioral disorders. Considering these variables may be useful in preventing, diagnosing, and treating emotional and behavioral disorders in children.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on psychological capital and work-family conflict in Education Staff. This research is applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included 110 education staff of Shahinshahr city. Based on purposive sampling, 30 employees with higher work-family conflict scores were selected and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy training for 8 sessions. The Work-Family Conflict Scale  (Carlson et al, 2000) and the   Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Lutans, 2007) were used to collect data in pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in reducing work-family conflict and increasing the two components of psychological capital (self-efficacy and optimism). According to the present study, acceptance and commitment-based therapy can be considered as a suitable way to increase psychological capital and reduce work-family conflict in employees.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-esteem in the relationship between self-compassion and depression in students. 251 undergraduate and graduate students (169 girls and 82 boys) from the Kharazmi University of Tehran, Isfahan and Shahreza were selected and answered online to Compassion Scale questionnaires Responded to Reese et al. (2011), Beck Depression Inventory (1972), Tangney et al. (1989) Self-Conscious Affect Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965). In the present correlation study, In order to investigate the hypothesized structural model, the statistical method of equivalent modeling was used. The results showed that the hypothetical model of mediation role of shame and self-esteem in the relationship between self-compassion and depression had a good fit with the data. In addition, the results showed that in the hypothesized model, all regression weights were statistically significant (P<.05). In this model, 81% of the variance of depression scores was explained through the latent variables of self-esteem, shame, and compassion. The results showed that self-esteem and shame can play a mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and depression. The findings of the present study can be used to reduce depression through treatment and education of patients with compassion.

The aim of this study was to compare the executive functions of problem-solving, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility in unfaithful and normal women. The research method was causal-comparative. The sample consisted of 40 women with experience of infidelity from among those who referred to counseling centers in Sari and Ghaemshahr and 40 women without experience of infidelity who entered the study in a purposeful manner. The research instruments were Wisconsin, Go-NoGo, and Stroop tests. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Findings showed that women with experience of infidelity compared to normal women had significantly lower scores in problem-solving, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility (P <0.05). Given the importance of executive functions in female infidelity, it is suggested that these factors be considered in marital infidelity prevention programs.

Based on the shortcomings and gaps observed, especially in the research literature of Iran, the main purpose of this study was to use a qualitative approach to deeply understand the lived experience of happy Iranian couples in life. This qualitative research was conducted using a The grounded theory approach. Participants were 41 happy couples living in Zanjan who were purposefully selected based on the results of Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire and family counseling interview. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview. The results of the analysis identified four general themes and thirteen underlying factors for marital happiness experience including appropriate context (families, marriage readiness, financial resources), adaptive beliefs (realistic expectations, belief in understanding and acceptance, commitment and monitoring of commitment), relationship-strengthening behaviors (companionship and joint activity, communication skills, problem-solving, support, responsibility) and positive feelings (excitement, positive feeling, Aesthetics, Kindness). The themes identified in the present study, due to their relationship with theoretical foundations and their high abstraction, in addition to comprehensiveness, have a theoretical structure related to the body of knowledge and existing theories. The extracted components in the present study are explained from the perspective of cognitive-behavioral theory.

The present study was conducted to determine the consequences of underlying factors in the process of formation of spiritual intelligence of high school students using data theory and based on the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin (2008). Participants included 21 Secondary school students in Tabriz, teachers, and people in contact with students. Purposeful approach and theoretical sampling technique were used for sampling and data saturation logic was used for sample adequacy. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and coded. To increase the validity of the findings, the researcherchr('39')s angle method and data checking by participants were used. The results showed that the consequences of the process of formation of spiritual intelligence include a change in worldview, achieving inner peace, success in life, and the growth of moral values which are influenced by internal, environmental, religious, and transcendental values as underlying factors. Achieving inner peace was conceptualized as a central phenomenon. Achieving inner peace was conceptualized as a central phenomenon.

The present study aims to compare the effects of Adlerian group counseling and reality therapy on well-being in students of middle school in Tehran city. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all-female high school students in public schools in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. Using the purposive sampling method, 45 participants were selected and then randomly divided into three 15-individual groups. The first experimental group received ten 90-minute sessions of the Adlerian counseling training program and the second experimental group participated in ten 90-minute sessions of reality therapy counseling training program. Research instruments the Self-Efficacy Scale (Scheier and Carver 1982). Research data were analyzed using ANCOVA. The results showed that there is a difference between the first experimental group of Adlerian group counseling, the second experimental group of reality therapy, and the control group in psychological well-being (P˃0.001). Adlerian group counseling had a higher effect on Self-efficacy than reality therapy. Therefore, Adlerian group counseling is an effective way to increase studentschr('39')

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on reducing self-critical levels and improving Self-concept clarity in students with physical disabilities. The method of this research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all first-grade high school students in Ardabil city in the academic year 2019-2020. The number of research samples was 40 people who were selected by the targeted sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of self-compassion training (20 people) and a control group (20 people). In order to collect the data, the Self-concept clarity Scale (Campbell et al, 1996) and the levels of self-criticism scale (Thampson & Zuroff, 2004) were used. Eight 70-minute compassion training sessions were performed for the experimental group. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that self-compassion training had a significant effect on improving self-concept clarity (F=8.76, P<0/01) and reducing comparison self-criticism (F=8.14, P<0/01) and internal self-criticism (F=6.83, P<0/01) was present in students with physical disabilities. Based on these results, it can be stated that this educational /therapeutic method can be used by school psychologists to improve the reduction of self-critical levels and improving Self-concept clarity in students with physical disabilities.

Test anxiety is a mental-emotional state that reduces student performance. The use of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and cognitive avoidance has an important effect on how students get out of stressful situations. The aim of the present research was the role of cognitive emotion regulation and cognitive avoidance in predicting test anxiety in female students. The present study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included all 10th-grade female students in Azna city in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 336 female students were selected by available sampling. Data collection tools included the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI; Spielberger, 1980), Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CERQ; Garnefski & keraij, 2006), and Cognitive Avoidance (CAQ; Sexton & Dougas, 2008). The data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between test anxiety and self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, otherchr('39')s blame, and cognitive avoidance strategies, there is a negative relationship between test anxiety with positive reappraisal (P <0.05). Results of regression analysis indicated that from among adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, positive assessments negatively and from among non-adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, self-blame other blame and from among strategies cognitive avoidance: thought Substitution and thought Suppression positively, they explain 41% of the test anxiety score. predict the test anxiety. As results indicate, the strategies employed by individuals to regulate their emotions can play a significant role in the determination of their test anxiety, and strengthening the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation should be regarded as an intervention and educational goal in enhancing the test anxiety.

Depression is one of the frequent psychological disorders. In developing countries due to the high cost of the therapy, lack of access to a professional psychiatrist or psychologist and cultural misunderstanding, and other barriers many people can not get any treatment. Mass utilization of Telephones and Smartphones in the world provides an opportunity to bring help to those in need where it is not easy/able to get professional support treatment. The goal of this research is to compare the effects of online text messenger-based therapy and Telephone-based Cognitive-behavior therapy on Persistent Depression. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The study population included all 18– to 55– year–olds referring to four counseling and psychology clinics in the west of Tehran city, Iran, in the year 2019. 30  Persistent depressed patients were randomly selected as the study samples. The research tools were: The BDI-2 Beck et al. (1988) the Beck Depression Inventory with 21 questions and the SCID-5-CV First et al. (2016) the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software using covariance analysis(ANCOVA). According to the findings of the study, that both cognitive-behavior therapy interventions (by Telephone and by WhatsApp) significantly decreased persistent depression in patients (p< 0.01). However, There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of these two interventions on these variables. Both of the methods (telephone and Online Text Messenger-Based cognitive-behavior) were effective to decrease the symptoms of depression.

In recent years, alcohol use disorders have been on the rise globally which is seen as a global issue. Alcohol consumption has many side effects and consequently various damages. In the past several years, various programs for the treatment of alcohol use have been introduced in the form of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Although medication is one of the common and effective approaches, it seems that this type of treatment alone is not sufficient and should be considered in other therapies that take into account the psychological, social, and environmental aspects of patients. One of the protocols that focus on motivation and change in clients with alcoholism is screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment. In the present study, with a systematic review of research backgrounds on the impact of screening, brief intervention, and treatment referral on alcohol dependents, global databases were screened based on related keywords, and papers were screened and their results extracted. The results indicated that screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment would improve referral and reduce alcohol use. Therefore, due to the effectiveness of the treatment model in improving the reduction of consumption and efficiency and the ability to implement this model in emergencies, patients with problems of alcohol abuse and dependence can be referred to appropriate medical centers.

The term “gender dysphoria” is used for those who experience a mismatch between their gender-related experience and the gender identity they have been assigned to when born. Recent studies show that students with gender dysphoria face unique challenges, and this also could create new challenges for school counselors working with them. The aim of this study was to present the opportunities and challenges school counselors face interacting with students with gender dysphoria. For the purpose of including relevant studies and resources, We used valid scientific databases such as Taylor & Francis, PubMed, Elsevier, Magiran, Noormags, and SID. We also included results found using Google Scholar and ScienceDirect to extend the breadth and depth of the review process. Moreover, we specifically included keywords such as “school counselor”, “gender identity”, “transexual”, “gender dysphoria” and “gender dissatisfaction”. Out of 60 related studies, 7 papers met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The results indicate the significance of counselor education in working with students with gender dysphoria; also, it highlights the necessity of more investigation about the topic and formulating intervention programs for working with the target population.

This research was conducted to predict substance use relapse based on object-relations and personality organization in male addicts treated with methadone. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included the male addicts who were treated with methadone in Kashan city in the spring of 2019 among which 170 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. In order to gather the data, the Relapse Prediction Scale (Wright et al., 2001), the Bell Object Relations Inventory (1955), and the Inventory of Personality Organization (Kernberg and Clarkin, 1995) were used. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that both the object relations and the personality organization explained 0.48 and 0.17 of the variance of the substance use relapse, respectively. The regression coefficient in the dimensions of insecure attachment, inadequacy, the first defense mechanisms, identity confusion, and the borderline personality organization were 0.28, 0.29, 0.70, 0.16, and 0.18, respectively (P<0/01). According to the findings of this study, object relations and personality organization can help predict pathological substance use relapse.

Accidents, both intentional and unintentional, are one of the leading causes of death and disability for children around the world and impose a heavy financial burden on the health care system of societies. The aim of the present study was to compare sensitivity to punishment and reward and accident proneness in children with ADHD and SCT disorders The design of the present study was in the frame of Casual Comparative. Participants comprised 100 children (50 ADHD and 50 SCT) from elementary schools in Tabriz in 1398-1399 academic years, which were selected through a screening method using the Child Behavior Rating Scale (Swanson, Nolan, Pelham,1980), SCT questioner (Penny, Waschbusch, Klein, Corkum, Eskes, 2009), Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Lejuez,2002), and Minor Injury Severity Scale (Peterson, Saldana, hilum, 1996) were performed on samples. For data analysis, Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS20 software was used. The findings show that children with ADHD obtained higher scores on sensitivity to reward and accident proneness and children with SCT obtained higher scores on sensitivity to punishment (p<0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that children with sluggish cognitive tempo have less accident proneness than children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder due to their sensitivity to punishment traits.

Bullying is a pervasive experience for all children and adolescents that can result from personal, family, school, and wider environments. In this way, the role of family and others is very important. In this regard, the present review study was conducted to investigate bullying behaviors based on parenting styles and attachment. In this study, published articles on bullying behaviors in children and adolescents from 2008 to 2020 were reviewed. In order to obtain related scientific documents, the keywords of Bullying Behaviors, Parenting Styles, Attachment Styles in the title and abstract of articles published in reputable domestic and international scientific databases such as SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, And ScienceDirect was searched and all related Persian and English articles were listed. Out of 764 related articles published by 2020, 33 qualified Persian and English articles were reviewed. The results of the studies indicated the role of parenting styles and attachment in the occurrence of bullying behaviors. Based on this, it was found that adolescents who had an ambivalent and avoidant insecure attachment style showed more bullying behaviors. Also, authoritarian and permissive parenting style was recognized as one of the important factors in creating bullying behaviors in adolescents. Based on the results of the present study, it is especially important to pay attention to the factors related to parenting style and attachment to prevent bullying behaviors.

Coronavirus 2019 is becoming pandemic and has caused varying levels of anxiety in the healthy population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the online cognitive-behavioral intervention on health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in healthy participants with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. The present study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all students of Guilan University with high levels of Covid-19 anxiety in the academic year 2020-2021, which were included in accordance to principles of diagnosis of health anxiety in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition. 60 participants were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 30) and Waiting for treatment (n = 30) groups. 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral intervention were provided for the experimental group. Research instruments were Short Health Anxiety Inventory Salkovskis et al, Anxiety Sensitivity Taylor et al, and Somatosensory Amplification Scale Barsky et al. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral intervention led to a decrease in health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in the experimental group (p<0.01). According to the findings of the study, cognitive-behavioral intervention with emphasis on reducing negative appraisal, catastrophic beliefs, and exaggeration can be an effective way to reduce COVID-19 anxiety in a healthy population.