International Journal of Political Science
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

Rural development programs are part of the development programs of each country that policymakers formulate intending to transform the socioeconomic structure of rural society. The economic development gap in rural areas reflects the lines of differentiation and conflict; The type and method of planning, with the priorities of government-oriented, regardless of the realities of rural society and its people and the real economic position of villages in the macro (national) planning process in terms of sustainability. In this study, the purpose of reviewing rural development programs before and after the revolution and reviewing the quantitative and qualitative goals of the fourth and fifth post-revolutionary development programs; finally, identifying obstacles to the implementation of rural development policies in these two programs and providing solutions. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and according to the nature of the data, it is a description that by comprehensive library reviews and evaluation of the results of previous studies, barriers to the implementation of public policy in rural development were identified and extracted. Then, by examining the extent to which the predicted goals, both quantitative and qualitative, have been achieved in the second and fifth development plans and the consequences resulting from the implementation of these programs in various social, economic, and cultural fields of the country's villages; Obstacles and reasons for not achieving these goals were analyzed in three areas: barriers related to the nature of policies, structural barriers, and barriers related to implementers and users. Based on the results of the study, partisanship in the formulation of rural development and island policies to act when implemented by implementers; Due to the primacy of organizational interests over the realization of program goals, centralized bureaucratic structure, selection of inappropriate tools, and dis- regard for land management in the development of rural development policies; Are the most important obstacles to the implementation of rural development in development programs in general and in the fourth and fifth programs in particular.

The research findings showed that by identifying the obstacles to the implementation of the rural development program; By considering these damages in the development of future plans, the implementation of these plans can be accelerated and help to improve and promote rural development.

Manuel Castells, a leading theorist of communication science, describes the Internet as a hallmark of communication technology called a Networked Society whose fundamental principle is the importance of individual centrality in various fields using new communication and information tools is called Cyberspace. In fact, in the age of Globalization and Cyberspace, many components of International Peace and Security have changed. Before the recent developments in international relations, peace and security meant respect for the principles of sovereignty, respect for the territorial integrity of countries, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and the peaceful settlement of disputes, but now Cyberspace and Globalization have changed the concept of international peace and security. Therefore, to investigate the effects of Cyberspace on international peace and security in the age of globalization and use descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, the author seeks to analyze this issue and the findings indicate that in this period In addition to the new interpretation of international peace and security and its impact on the concepts of power, sovereignty, and security, the nature of threats has also changed and extended militarily to other areas such as cyber terrorism, soft war and so on. As a result of the development and expansion of Cyberspace and its tools in the form of networks and virtual media, a great change has taken place in the field of national security of governments, which has also affected international peace and security.

Entering the fifth decade of the revolution, the issue of poverty in the country remains unresolved; And the issue of social justice in the sense of addressing the affairs of the poor and oppressed is one of the biggest challenges facing the Islamic government that can jeopardize the sovereignty of the political system. Considering that maintaining the Islamic system is the first approach of the government, it can increase the need to help these people. In this category, by examining the views of sociologists and political thinkers, emphasizing the ideas of the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the founder of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee as the largest intermediary body of the government that is responsible for dealing with the poor and oppressed; Attempts will be made to answer the question of what kind of government model the position of the poor and oppressed in the thoughts of Imam Khomeini provides for the realization of social justice.

Despite efforts in the field of energy efficiency management in Iran, there is still a long way to go. The energy management policy-making process will likely require review and pathology. Due to the extent of this issue, the only main purpose of this study is to find the main obstacles to the implementation of energy efficiency policies in the field of housing. The main foundations of the theoretical literature of this article are the discovery of the relationship between two groups of studies of policy thinkers on implementation research and documentation of the experiences of mayors as energy activists in the field of housing. The research method of the article is quantitative and data and information were extracted from the mayors of Tehran province with the help of a questionnaire; In the next step, with the help of SPSS software, the importance of implementation barriers was prioritized. Findings from comparing the experiences of mayors with theoretical studies show that 5 of the obstacles extracted are the most important. These barriers include poor monitoring and evaluation of implementation; Lack of popular culture and beliefs and unprepared bed; Inefficient manpower; Lack of incentive and punishment policies; And ignore scientific and technical foundations or technical difficulties and are considered independent variables. The implementation of energy efficiency policies in the field of housing is a dependent variable of this research.

Educational policy is a complex issue, inherently political, and intertwined with multiple social values. In other words, it can be said that issues that can be raised in educational policy are so- cial constructions that understanding each of these issues, in addition to disciplinary expertise, requires the use of sociological capacity in educational policies based on social indigenous, re- gional and global condition. Therefore, in-depth analysis of this type of issues and efforts to re- solve them and disputes in educational policies, requires the adoption of approaches that can consider the social construction of educational policy in its multiple dimensions and approaches. Critical analysis of educational policy and the usage of interdisciplinary considerations are among the theoretical traditions of methodology that emphasize the importance of examining the serious issue of educational policy within the historical, social, cultural and political context. Two approaches that their applcation and development in the field of educational policies are a response to the past and a sign of fundamental changes in this field. However, little attention has been paid to investment to understand the nature of this change and, more importantly, the arti- culation of educational policies based on two approaches of critical analysis and interdiscipli- nary approach in the process of educational policies in Iran. During this article, in order to fill the gap, a perceptual model based on the framework of the research method of critical analysis of Fairclough discourse based on the study of educational policy of the Fourth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan and the Document of Fundamental Transformation of the Su- preme Council of the Cultural Revolution Provided.

One of the most important periods in the history of thought is the first centuries of Islamic civilization. With the arrival of Greek philosophy in Islamic lands, we are faced with the formation of "Islamic philosophy", which attempts to establish a relationship between rea-son and Sharia. Various theorists in the history of thought have explained the subject of rea-son and Sharia in this period, such as Erwin Rosenthal and Leo Strauss. This study, based on Quentin Skinner's "context-text-based" interpretive approach, assuming what Strauss called the "absence of Aristotle's politics in Islamic philosophy" and what Rosenthal called the "attempt of Islamic philosophers to reconcile reason and revelation." He states that we will examine Avicenna's encounter with the issue of the wisdom and revelation in his "con-text and discourse ruling in his time". Our question is that what is the relationship between reason and Sharia in Avicenna's thought; in what context was it formed and what were the consequences for the relationship between religion and politics? The hypothesis of this study states that considering the lack of Aristotelian politics in Islamic philosophy, in the time of Avicenna, with the prevailing Platonic reading in practical wisdom, Avicenna re-lated politics to the discussion of prophecy, which is possible except for legislating to estab-lish a city, Medina (utopia Polis) It is not acceptable, and the most obvious and supreme example of these laws is the law of Sharia, and its author is the Prophet. Accordingly, he presented a Platonic reading. The consequences of this theological reading of politics were the confinement of reason in the field of theoretical wisdom and the rule of religion over politics in practical wisdom.

Elections today, as one of the pillars of democracy, play an important role in citizen partici-pation and oversight of the performance and decisions of the agents of political systems. In the meantime, the parliamentary elections of each country have a different position accord-ing to the model of the electoral system of that country. In Iran, the parliament has a history of more than a century, but there are still shortcomings in the elections, the role of the exist-ing electoral system (majority), which is in the first election law of the country since 1906 is important. To correct the current shortcomings of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elec-tions and to maintain the importance of the diversity of constituencies in the country, the plan to provincialize the constituencies from the fifth parliament onwards has always been proposed as an alternative to the current system; Which has not been implemented yet for various reasons. This research seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method to evaluate the possibility of replacing the model of the proportional electoral system (in non-single-seat constituencies) with the current system based on the provincial of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections. In other words, it seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to replace the current proportional electoral system model (in non-single-seat constituen-cies) with the current majority system based on the provincialization of the Islamic Consul-tative Assembly elections? Our assumption is that among the majority, proportional and hybrid models, the proportional model under provincialization can better meet the needs of today's Iranian society. In this research, data collection is the use of books, articles, and electronic resources.

This research addresses one of the key concepts in social psychology and sociology, namely friendship, and draws it into the field of political thought. Because believes that the founda-tion of social unity is politics of friendship, Unity which is also considered by various polit-ical thinkers. In political thought, politics of friendship is necessary for any political action, because politics is not the cause of contradiction of interests, but a part of human social life for achieving well-being and prosperity through social solidarity, which ultimately ends up in a good government. But the question is: how politics of friendship in the sphere and his-tory of political thought leads to a good government? Or, in other words, what is the relation between politics of friendship and good government? The present article, in answer to the above question, suggests that, in political thought, friendship brings a path to self-centrism and ethnocentrism, and leading to something called "politics of friendship", which is equal to the rule of law; In that friendship between humans, the emergence of security, the inter-dependence between them, along with the existence of the element of justice is one of the main elements. We intend to examine it through a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the approach of the history of political thought.