نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 27 (تابستان 1400)

Formation the texture of a city is directly related to its network of passages, so that the type of each of these tissues is influenced by the formation of streets within the city. One of the solutions to the problems of traffic and visual pollution today in cities such as Sanandaj is the pedestrian road which has attacked citizens in both mental and physical dimensions. The purpose of this study is to present principles that play a role in its generalization as a strategy to revitalize the humanist urban environment. Two of the issues that have been underestimated in this type of research are the principle choice of a suitable pedestrian street according to the science of architecture and urban planning, and another is to provide a model to consider among the scattered pedestrian components as a criterion in such cities. This article is an applied type that introduces walkability characteristics. The MADM method and the Sharon and Likert 9-point Entropy Formula were selected using Topsis method, 0.6589 Imam Khomeini Street with a rating of 0.6589. Then, this street was analyzed with all the walkability components, which were introduced as a relatively desirable street by graphing from 1 to 4 with a score of 2.885. Using the capabilities, opportunities and threats of the area, a model with three components of infrastructure, functionality, ornamental was introduced to enhance the street. Completion of the process of analyzed subcomponents was considered as a suggestion for walkability improvement in this study.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the urban alleviation criteria in central crime centers of Tehran (districts 11 and 12) against earthquakes. The research methodology in this research was descriptive-analytical and purposeful for the purpose of this research, and the data were collected by means of documentary and survey methods. The statistical population consisted of residents of crime centers of 11th and 12th districts of Tehran. The sample size was 384 according to Cochran formula. They were randomly selected. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and Friedman correlation were used. The results of single-sample t-test showed that the mean of satisfaction of residents in social dimensions is 2.33, economic 2.9, institutional 1.87 and physical body 2.47 are at the lower level. Pearson correlation was also used to investigate the correlation coefficients of resiliency with total resiliency. This test showed that the quadruple dimensions of resiliency have a direct and significant relationship with total resiliency, that is, by increasing each resilience dimension by the total amount urban resilience is also added. The results of Friedman test showed that the physical dimension (3.11) was ranked first and economic dimension (2.58) was in the second place, social dimension (2.28) was in the third place, and institutional dimension (2.04) is ranked fourth, which is set as the least important dimension.

Today, the tourism industry has become one of the world's major industries economically, and one of the major issues in this industry is the choice of tourist routes in urban areas, and there is also a close connection between tourism and wayfinding that neglects this issue. Feeling bad and avoiding the presence of tourists in the urban space. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of tourists' satisfaction with wayfinding in urban spaces with the research method is practical in terms of purpose and is based on quantitative method in data analysis . In order to collect data from field observations, questionnaire and visit is used. The sampling method was calculated using the Cochran formula with respect to the population and the questionnaires were completed among the 357 tourists. Data analysis was performed to evaluate tourists' satisfaction with the wayfinding process after data collection. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, dependent t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov hypothesis test and prioritization of indices and significance level of indices using Duncan test. The results indicate that the attractiveness of the route in the first priority, the feeling of the people in the route in the second priority and the wayfinding tools in the third priority are important in the satisfaction of the tourists. These factors lead to a longer presence and experience of tourists in the environment, as well as the psychological monitoring of tourists in the area of social surveillance, people's presence, facilities and services, and visual pervasiveness.

Although the negative consequences of a car-oriented approach to urban planning , such as excessive consumption of resources and facilities, air pollution and reduced urban viability, are obvious, the efforts of trustees and operators to address sustainability. In recent years, one of the effective approaches to get out of these problems has been walkability, in which attention to walking in urban spaces is not only rooted in the built environment. In this paper, while examining the process of walkability transformation during the last three decades and a comprehensive definition of it, an attempt has been made to use the PESTEL model platform to explain its dimensions and factors. Due to the complexity of the possibility of identifying and intertwining the factors affecting pedestrianization and the necessity of classifying the fields of its formation and impact, the Causal Layered Analysis has been used. Then, using the two-step and statistical Delphi method, after consulting the experts, five neighborhoods of Tehran have been interviewed and analyzed. The results of the analysis of factor analysis and reliability of research variables indicate the significance of 6 dimensions, 12 factors, 28 components and 37 indicators of walkability at the significance level (p <0.01) and the factor load is more than 0.5. To predict the values of the explanatory variables in the six dimensions of walkability, Finally, in addition to proposing six regression equations related to these factors, the acquired points of walkability from the citizens' point of view in the studied areas have been calculated.

Undoubtedly, one of the most important changes in urban planning is the creation and improvement of the quality of life in urban environments. Accordingly, considering that the ultimate goal of all theories and movements, scholars and politicians in the field of urban affairs is to improve the quality of life of the townspeople, Understanding and recognizing factors affecting the quality of life of citizens and how to measure them in neighborhoods, especially informal settlements, as well as understanding the complexities of self-propagating settlements and recognizing the various dimensions of social, economic, cultural and psychological life and its physical environment. In order to provide solutions and scientific and practical programs to urban managers, it is essential to study the quality of life in these settlements inevitable. Therefore, this research studies the factors affecting the quality of life in spontaneous settlements in the studied areas. To analyze the components, using field studies and according to Cochran formula, the questionnaire was distributed among residents of the studied neighborhoods. The results of data analysis indicate that quality of life is different in the two neighborhoods. In the study of factors affecting the quality of life, components of sense of belonging, social and mental well-being can have a greater impact on the quality of life in these neighborhoods. Economic components, safety, and security, facilities and services have indirectly affected the quality of life, respectively.

Housing is the smallest element of housing, the most important urban land use and one of the major indicators of a country's development assessment. On the other hand, demographic changes due to natural growth and migration increase the need for housing and lead to the physical expansion of cities; in principle, the lack of proper land policy in a country or a policy incompatible with economic, cultural and political conditions. It will lead to numerous problems in the field of economics. This has prompted national and local governments to develop policies to control the physical disruption of cities. The purpose of the present study is to determine the impact of these policies on the physical development of District 15 of Tehran Municipality. In this study, which is cognitive in terms of purpose and in terms of post-event nature, a qualitative approach was used by descriptive-analytical method. The field study was conducted through a survey method based on interview and questionnaire techniques. The statistical population is comprised of urban elites, professors and experts. Data analysis was done by SPSS software (Friedman test) and GIS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that demand-driven policies were more effective than supply-based policies among the effective policies on the development of Tehran's 15th district. Of all the indicators, direct government involvement in the land market (transfers in the urban land sector) has played the most role.

Noise pollution is an important factor in determining the quality of life in cities and affects social welfare. In this regard, vegetation and green space have an effective role in controlling and reducing urban pollution. Evaluation and modeling of the effective structure and composition of vegetation to control noise pollution in cities reveals the limitation in studies so it has been chosen as the main goal of this research. Noise intensity sampling was performed at 100 stations in parks and passages in urban districts 1 and 2 of Tehran. In order to model the amount of noise reduction (Leq) in the vegetation acoustic wall, artificial neural network modeling was performed using 9 vegetation variables. According to the results, the model with 9-24-2 structure (9 input variables, 24 neurons in the hidden layer and one output variable) with respect to the highest value of coefficient of determination in the three categories of training data, validation and test equal to 0.98, 0.92 0 and 0.9 reveals the best structure optimization performance. Based on the results of model sensitivity analysis, wall width, the mean height of trees, and the mean diameter of canopy with the coefficients of 0.72, 0.44 and 0.15, respectively, were the most effective in reducing the noise intensity in the plant acoustic walls, respectively. The model presented in this study is known as a decision support system in design of vegetation acoustic walls in cities and enables the prediction of the efficiency of these walls with respect to structural variables.

,Nowaday the commodification of housing and attention to the profitability of this sector, has led to a lack of attention to traditional patterns and identity-building elements in the design of construction. Considering the importance of housing and its identity, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial identification of urban housing with emphasis on physical-functional components and their application in designing future housing in order to achieve sustainable identity and promote a sense of place in the western plain Guilan (Talesh, Someehsara and Rezvanshahr cities). In this regard, research method is applied with descriptive-analytical in nature, which has been used to collect information from documentary-field method (observation, interview and questioning). The statistical population of the research is also the housing of the studied cities, which has used the purposeful sampling method to select the sample size. Also have been used for data analysis of variation analysis, regression and Pearson coefficients. The research findings show that the greatest impact on the identification of housing in the study area is based on physical-functional indicators related to the component of housing adaptation with other spaces and functions. Also it can be said that the most important factor in the spatial-spatial identification of the western plains of Gilan is similarity/differentiation (similarity of houses with each other in the region and differentiation with the settlements of other regions).

This research is an attempt to analyze the perceived social support for women in Behesht-e Madaran Park and Mellat Park in District 3 of Tehran Municipality and to explore physical and mental health as the outcomes of this kind of support. The target group included 18 to 65-year-old women. This study is carried out with a comparative approach using the questioning method (105 questionnaires in the women’s park and 120 questionnaires in the public park). Data analysis was both quantitative and qualitative. Expert-centered qualitative analysis has been performed in the study of received social support and quantitative analysis has been performed with SPSS software. The results of descriptive analysis this research suggest that according to women, the state instrumental and informational supports are inadequate in both spaces but the families and friends provide adequate emotional support. Moreover the findings of exploratory analysis based on Gamma and Contingency Coefficient correlation test, different layers of social support affect the level of women's sports activity in urban parks. The difference between the views of women in the two spaces showed that women who chosed the women's park for sports believed that, among other factors, criteria such as family support in taking responsibility for housework and media support were effective. In their view, factors such as religion, financial support, restrictions on government laws, information about appropriate sports and the place and time of scheduled sports did not have much effect on participation in sports, but the same factors were important for other group.

Society today is made up of diverse individuals of varying ages, sexes, ethno-racial backgrounds and physical abilities. Gender, race, disability and age are at the root of much discrimination in societies. Planning for diversity is an approach which takes into account the needs of different groups of people. Planning operates within a legislative framework which sets requirements for fair treatment. It is necessary to pass and amend an extensive body of legislation to address the discrimination experienced by certain groups. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal frameworks of planning for diversity and difference in Iran with emphasize on the approvals of the municipality and the Islamic Council of Tehran. This study in terms of methodology is a descriptive-analytical study. Using the content analysis method and coding process in MAXQDA software, the Constitution, national development plans laws, the Islamic Consultative Assembly’s approvals, government executive regulations, the Supreme Council of Urban Planning’s approvals and approvals of the municipality and the Islamic Council of Tehran are analyzed in terms of addressing the needs of diverse social groups. The results of analyzing legislative documents show that the needs of children, old persons and women and duties of the executive bodies are not addressed by the Supreme Council of Urban Planning. At the local level, Tehran has addressed the needs of the disabled, children and partly the elderly in its approvals, but women have been neglected.