Modern Medical Laboratory Journal
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Summer-Fall 2018

Regenerative medicine, deals with functional reconstruction of damaged tissues or organs after severe injuries chronic diseases, while bodychr('39')s natural responses are not sufficient. In this field, stem cells due to their exclusive potential in self-renewal and differentiation into other cell types, are the main sources of functional cells in regenerative medicine. However, challenges in stem cell culturing highlighted the need for new methods, which in addition to maintaining cell viability and functionality, can control the precise microarchitecture for cells in a three dimensional structure. In this review we focus on the application of different types of bioprinting technology in regenerative medicine and we overview how this method has been able to make progress in 3D-cell culturing and tissue engineering protocols.

Extracellular vesicles were initially known as cellular waste carriers, while recent studies demonstrate that extracellular vesicles play important biological roles in all aspects of life-from single cells to mammalians. Their pathophysiological roles in some diseases like cancer are being decoded. Extracellular vesicles are divided into some classes and there are different strategies to isolate them. Regenerative medicine is a collective term which comprised of different approaches to heal and repair damaged tissues and organs. A wide spectrum of options in regenerative medicine, makes this more dynamic field, which is appealing prospect for cell therapists and tissue engineers. EVs derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and other probable sources are one of the options on the table to regenerate damaged tissues with lower risks, but their potential roles have not been fully elucidated. This cell-free based approach inspires cell therapist and tissue engineers in order to control immune reactions as well as regeneration at the same time.

Mycoplasma are small, cell-free bacteria enclosed by a membrane. These bacteria belong to the class of Mollicutes, the order of Mycoplasma tales, and the genus of Mycoplasma. There are more than 100 identified species of mycoplasma. The ratio of cytosine to guanine in its DNA is 23–40% and its genome size is 1350–600 kb. Mycoplasma require cholesterol to grow, and the temperature suitable for the growth of this bacteria is 37°C. Mycoplasma cause contamination and infections in humans and animals. Some mycoplasma species are seen only in animals. In general, mycoplasma are colonized at the surface of the mucus, and most species are non-invasive. Five main species of mycoplasma have been identified in laboratory mice, including: M.arthritidis, M.collis, M.muris, M.neurolyticum, and M.pulmonis. These species generally require protein-rich environments that contain 10–15% of the animalchr('39')s serum, and their growth requires nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD), which is commonly used to cultivate mycoplasma in mice. Laboratory research has found that mycoplasmas contamination has an adverse effect on animals. Therefore, it is important that health monitoring programs are implemented as a quality control for animals used in laboratory research.

In recent decades, new serum biomarkers have been developed for routine laboratory practice, such as assaying serum free light chains and more recently, assaying immunoglobulin heavy and light chain isotypes (Hevylite).
In this work, we highlight the interest of new biomarkers (Hevylite Test) in the management of monoclonal gammopathies because of the technical advantages it confers and the sensitive and unique clinical information that can be drawn from them.
Data from the latest studies show changes in the practice and use of Freelite and Hevylite tests in particular situations in the diagnosis and monitoring of MM, in situations where the monitoring of the tumor mass by conventional techniques is difficult. Freelite and Hevylite tests are proving to be of great benefit. The sFLC assay has already been recommended by international myeloma experts since 2009. There is no doubt that an integration of the Hevylite test for the diagnosis and monitoring of IgA MM will be done in the near future.