نشریه دانش های بومی ایران
پیاپی 14 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The main idea of this paper is to highlight the importance of the relationships between domains of "natural and human" from the two "science" and "biology" perspectives, although at first it sounds simple but unfortunately in practice this communication lacks in the field of macro science. "Salinity" as a "natural feature" and “haloculture" as a "technology" is needed in a given ecosystem) Iran). Although the new conditions resulting from interventions without varying environmental capabilities have created different conditions, the question remains as to What 'natural' and 'human' relationship does it have, and what will the future hold? Referring to the socio-technical and soil-plant records in the Iranian ecosystem, it has been shown that this relationship has been well established in the past, so we are able to say that it can be based on the knowledge and practice of the ancestors in ability to work with salinity like a technology. A key point in understanding, designing and implementing of new holoculture, is to pay attention again to the relationships between the "natural and human" domains from the perspective of "knowledge" in the "specific ecosystem" that is "Iran's Ecological Studies", been called.

In the last few decades, the significance and emergence of environmental crises and discourses has led to the rise of a number of interdisciplinary studies and anthropologists, considering culture as the intersection of the environmental and the anthropological discourses, has addressed the environmental issues particularly water as the most vital element of the environment. In this view, water is at this time considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by the human societies in both natural resources and social justice. Anthropology with the holistic and inter-disciplinary and environmentally sustainable approach, provides an appropriate ground for studying various aspects, cultural meanings and crises of water, as it is reflected in its subject, i.e. culture. This study was conducted using the ethnographic methods including ethnographic interviews, participatory observations and collective interviews among three clans of Qashqai nomad groups in Fars Province of Iran. The findings of this study reveals that for Qashqai’s people, water is vital not only for living and environmental sustainability and livelihood, but also it is important from a wide variety of cultural, political, economic, psychological, vacation, legal and gender-related functions. Hence, Crisis in water has multiple implications for their live and for the cultural meanings of water.

Due to mismanagement in the field of use, rehabilitation and allocation of water resources, the return and use of local indigenous technologies and knowledge and also their updating, plus localization of modern technologies make it inevitable. Since one of the important elements of planning and management in the field of water resources is to identify the most appropriate criteria or effective factors in it, so in this research with extensive study of internal and external sources in the field of indigenous knowledge and also using the opinion of specialists and experts of Yazd Province, the variables were first identified through Delphi method and then a questionnaire was prepared. Thereafter, the effective variables were examined and evaluated using appropriate methods such as exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. The research findings indicate that the six factors of protection and stability, management, holistic, cost-effectiveness, compatibility, and dynamism have been the primary factors and criteria of indigenous knowledge in the management and planning of water resources in Yazd Province. Variables such as biodiversity conservation, proper management, cost-effectiveness, and wildlife conservation have been also more important compared to other variables.

Chlorite Vessels and their motifs are the most important non-writing element of the civilization of Halilrood cultural area. Most of the researches in the field of Vessels and motifs of Jiroft civilization are in the field of animal motifs and among these other motifs have not aroused much attention of the scientific community. Therefore, the main issue is reading and studying the plant motifs of the civilization of Halilrood basin in the third millennium BC. The present research in the framework of the holy and unholy theory has dealt with the plant motifs of the civilization of Halilrood basin and the main question of the research is: What were the plant carvings and meanings of the Halilrood basin of Jiroft? The present study has been prepared using library and field data and has studied the plant motifs of Halilrood basin as an important factor in restoring the ancient culture and rituals of Iran by descriptive-analytical method. By studying 170 chlorinated Vessels, it was found that 20.58% of the Vessels have plant motifs and from this perspective, they are in the second place after animal motifs.

Fishing has been one of the most important sources of livelihood among the coastal societies of the Persian Gulf, and seafood constitutes a major food source of the people. The people apply different techniques of fishing among them; Gargur is the most common and is deeply rooted in the organic relationship between the people and the environment. Through looking at this fishing method as a “total social fact,” this article intends to study this technique, the production of its tool (Gargur), and the cultural and social relationships that are formed around this fishing method. On the other hand, increasing the application of industrial fishing methods such as trawling caused considerable damage to sea resources and led to unsustainable development. The article also intends to investigate the ways of increasing the efficacy of Gargur fishing and promote it as a sustainable alternative to industrial fishing in order to, at least, reduce the unfavorable effects of industrial fishing such as trawling.

Morshedi is the art of percussion and singing epic songs in Zurkhaneh. Percussion puts a lot of pressure on the body for many years. In the present study, in addition to introducing some diseases that Zurkhaneh mentors are infected with, Provide information on the prevention and treatment of these diseases based on popular medical knowledge. Data presented based on the author's field research and in-depth interviews with veteran Morshan, zurkhaneh owners, manufacturers of ancient sports equipment, ancient athletic sport equipment and attendance at zurkhanehs during 2016 and 2017 has been obtained in Tehran province. In this study, four main diseases are introduced that mentors are exposed to. These four diseases are: larynx, kidney, hearing loss and skin discomfort in the hand area. After introducing the four main diseases of Zurkhaneh mentors, we came to the conclusion that so far no independent research has been done on the diseases of Zurkhaneh mentors and only in some sources is the occurrence of skin diseases among them mentioned.

Sangsarnomads are one of the most famous nomadic tribes in Iran-Semnan province. In their siah-chador (known as “gut”) there is a special composition of hand woven as tent and masonry material as substructure (known as “gut-ke-mal”). Gut-ke-mal remains in the summer pastures and usually will be applied in next migrations. Application of siah-chador reduced due to building villa housing in the summer pastures of the area in last decades. So it is valuable itself to document the remained examples of gut-ke-mal which are affected by climatic agents year by year. The structure of this plan is more complex and practical in the black tent of Sangsarnomad than other nomads. The article identifies 5 contemporary gut-ke-mals and classifies them through some physical and functional variants (including site situation, topography, dimensions, function, form, access and material) based on descriptive-analytical research method.. Outcomes show that new ones have rectangular interior forms, manufactured material usage and smaller dimensions in compare with the original and changes in the dimensions of the form, the type of materials and communication spaces, and the movement of land uses in the new samples. The trend seems to far gut-ke-mal away from its original function and eventually its original nature

Astrolabes as the most advanced astronomical tool of Islamic world, was so attended during the Islamic period; and In the Safavid period, astrolabe became more and more important that their designs, decorations and changes shows that and seams it was influenced by various factors including cultural and social factors. The purpose of this study is to identify the cultural and social factors affecting the decorating of Iranian Safavid astrolabes and studying their effects. In this regard, this research is a descriptive-analytical method that uses visual and written sources such as library and internet to study various factors including belief in astronomy and superstition, officialization of religion (Shia), nationalism and tendency towards Persian literature, kings' support and thrive of metalworking, economic situation and prosperity of different classes of society. The research results show that these factors made the astrolabe-making thrive, localization of it’s knowledge, a good conditions for the activities of astrolabists were provided, the motifs and decorations of the astrolabe became more crowded and elegant and found an Iranian, Safavid and Shi’i identity.

In previous studies on Indigenous Knowledge of canvas-Marouflaged murals, some researchers put these works in the group of easel paintings and other researchers categorized them as wall paintings whereas they are indeed the combination of easel painting and wall painting. In order to recognize canvas-Marouflaged murals in Iran, as well as for the proper protection of these works and analysis of conservation interventions and measures required for the future, it is necessary to explore the conservation approaches of these works. The aim of this research is to gain more recognition and conservation approaches of canvas-Marouflaged murals as well as analysis of conservation interventions on these works in Iran. Hence, the leading research is an applied-developmental research with the method of finding studying specialized texts; field studies and review and analysis of the results of these research have been done. Considering each of these approaches, we must pay attention to the dual characteristics of the canvas-marouflaged murals and take the necessary actions according to the works conditions.

Indigenous knowledge as a part of any nation’s culture, has been acquired through experience and gradually become a part of the culture and society. The correct use of this knowledge can lead to endogenous development. Ethnobotany, as a sub branch of indigenous knowledge, investigates the way people of a particular ethnic, culture, or region make use of native plants. The aim of this study was to introduce edible and medicinal plants used by Googhar local people. For this purpose, during the summer 2019 and spring 2020, edible and medicinal plants used in the region were identified. The information was collected in the form of free interviews, semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. Interviews were conducted purposefully with local experts. Totally, 36 plant species, with the extensive knowledge of local people, were identified in edible and medicinal uses. This knowledge includes the identification of plants, appropriate time of harvest, organs used, medicinal and edible properties, how to use, as well as plant ecology. The results show that leaves have the most edible and medicinal uses. Edible and medicinal plants in forms of cooked and raw have the most consumption, and the most medicinal use includes treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

One of the forgotten traditional arts and crafts is repairing porcelain art. Documentation of experiences, knowledge, and techniques used in this profession are necessary to preserve Iranian culture. Field and library studies and interviews with experts and veterans of this art were used to collect information. This article discusses the introduction of tools, materials, and preparation methods. The repair steps of porcelain include assembling broken parts, making holes, assembling clamps, gluing, and strengthening. Types of traditional natural, plant, and animal adhesives and lime to prepare some of them, due to their resistance to moisture and sealing, are used in this art. The importance of studying techniques and materials of these professions is Recognition and protection of traditional industries will be followed by the preservation of ethics and authentic Iranian traditions. This study is part of the restoration and protection of cultural property. The conservation of cultural heritage is not limited to architectural works and tangible heritage. Cultural heritage has a comprehensiveness, which includes tangible and intangible components.

Mercury gilding is a method used to decorate silver traces during the Sassanid period. It has features that make the gold layer firmly attached to the silver base and the gold layer does not detach from the work over time.In this research, this question on has been raised as to what caused the gold layer to last on the silver surface? The aim of this study is finding similarities and differences between the silver effect of the Sassanid period and the samples obtained from laboratory experiments,it has led to the knowledge of how to implement this method and also the reason for the stability of the gold layer on the silver surface. For this purpose, mercury gilding has been recovered and performed with an old specimen as metallurgical examination to identify the structure. Then, the surface of the coating and how the gold layer adheres to the base metal (SEM) is further studied.The results show that in this method, the gold coating is a type of penetration coating that causes the gold layer to adhere firmly to the silver base.