پژوهشنامه حلال
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 8، بهار 1400)

It is clear that the correct knowledge of scales and the identification of fish without scales are specialized propositions that cannot be achieved without the necessary knowledge. The body of most fish is covered with scales. The scales are made of horny or bony material.

Scales from the dorsal fin are slowly separated from the body of the fish. Place in sodium hypochlorite solution to remove mucus or other undissolved material. The scales are then washed and dehydrated in ethanol series. Finally, it is covered with a thin layer of gold and examined by electron microscopy.

All cartilaginous fish have placoid or plate scales or serrated teeth on the outer surface of their body. Many eels, such as freshwater eels, have small, elliptical cycloid scales that attach to the skin. Catfish generally do not have clear and uniform scales and their bodies are often naked. Catfish do not have distinct scales and instead have leathery skin. Catfish evolved differently and have no scales.

The presence of scales in all cartilaginous fish (shark, shield and table fish) and some snake fish is clearly confirmed and proven, but in catfish the usual structure of scales is not confirmed and instead skate structures that have the same function as scales. And plays the role of scales or sequins is approved.

In today's society, one of the seafood served in some restaurants is lobster. However, it is not permissible according to the Shia religion and some Sunni religions, and it is only allowed to be used in some Islamic religions. Therefore, in some Islamic countries, this crab is found in restaurants. But in Iran, according to the rules of the country and Jafari Shia jurisprudence is not allowed. However, according to the famous saying of the jurists, the halal quality of aquatic animals is limited to scaly fish and shrimp.

As a result, due to the special need to study this issue, the present study has explained this in a descriptive-analytical manner.

The findings of the present study indicate that the independent nature of lobster compared to shrimp and crabs, is among the unspecified aquatic animals in religious jurisprudence.

As a result, if we consider lobster as a different nature of these species, then, according to the famous saying, its halal properties is problematic. Consequently, serving lobster while it has haraam quality is an example of ignoring the sharia rules in Islamic society.

Rice is one of the most consumed cereals in Asia and the leading food of most Iranian families. Heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and some trichothecenes are susceptible to accumulation in rice tissue. Human nutrition with rice causes the entry of these toxic and dangerous substances into the body and causes neurological distress, and, with high carcinogenic potential, creates severe risks to human health.

In this study, ten samples of rice and rice flour produced in Iran were randomly collected at the supply level of Kerman city and evaluated for deoxynivalenol, xylene, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin G1, G2, B1, B2), cadmium, lead, and arsenic. SPSS software and Duncan mean comparison tests and T-test were used for statistical analysis.

The results showed that all samples of Iranian rice with different brands in Kerman province, in terms of aflatoxin B1, total aflatoxin (total G1, G2, B1, B2), deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and heavy metals cadmium, lead and arsenic were lower than the Iranian standard limit.

Iranian rice and flour are not dangerous for consumers and have toxicology standards.

Olive oil is one of the valuable oils that has found a special place in the basket of households due to its numerous nutritional and quality properties. The fatty acid composition of olive oil, the amount of non-soapy substances such as tocopherols and sterols, the olive cultivar, and the olive fruit growing area used to extract the oil affect the number of polyphenol compounds and The quality and sensation of oils and their oxidative stability have a significant impact. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of first-grade virgin olive oils and refined oils available in the market in 1399 in Kerman province and compare with the national standard of Iran to ensure the stability of the quality of oil consumed by different segments of society.

All tests for identifying and determining fatty acids and sterols were performed with gas chromatography, and mass chromatography equipment equipped with mass and chemical tests were performed with standard reagents and chemical solutions.

Showed that the acidity and peroxide content of refined oil samples were significantly lower than first-grade virgin samples. The quenching coefficient of the refined oils was higher than that of the virgin oils, and the unsaponifiable number was higher in the virgin olive oil samples than in the refined samples.

All tested samples were within the acceptable standard and were acceptable according to the Iranian national standard.

Mental health and providing it for a person is one of the most basic matters that are necessary for their dynamics and stability. Therefore, special attention has been paid to religious teachings to ensure the health and its effective characteristics, and the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of halal sustenance in self-knowledge and its impact on providing mental health by relying on verses, hadiths and opinions of scholars.

This study seeks to explain the relationship between halal sustenance and self-knowledge in providing mental health by using verses, hadiths and related books. This research is a library study and the necessary information has been collected and analyzed; Therefore, the research method in this article is descriptive-analytical.

 According to this study in order to create peace and mental health, several factors have been enumerated. What seemed to be important and is one of the influential factors, is self-knowledge which has characteristics such as knowledge and awareness, self-cultivation, asceticism, tireless effort and spirit, and theology are mentioned with the focus on the role of halal sustenance in creating peace.

In religious texts, especially the Holy Quran, halal sustenance and mental health has a special place and its preservation is emphasized in verses and hadiths, and also connection and role of halal sustenance in the characteristics of mental health in the Quran and the words of the Prophet (PBUH) and the Imams have been ordered.

In 2013, the United Nations began promoting insect consumption as a rich alternative to protein and minerals to counteract global food shortages and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, insectivore (or insect consumption) is becoming more motivated, and the global food insect market is estimated to reach $ 1.2 billion by 2023. However, as more insects are increasingly becoming part of processed foods around the world, solvent certification bodies do not have a single position on the "solubility" of insects and their extracts. The purpose of this article is to bring together the views of scholars of the four Sunni religions (schools of law of the Islamic Center) on the use of insects and the use of linguistic theories of the Qur'an and Islamic expressions in constructing a theoretical framework on this issue.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was adopted as a research method that guides the entire research process, while content analysis remains the main research method.

includes relevant factors that must be considered when confirming the solubility of insect-based foods. The novelty and contribution of this article are in exposing the cultural environment that informs the rulings of classical scientists about the use of insects, which later became the harbinger of disputes between contemporary halal certification bodies.

To strengthen and promote public health, governments try to encourage pharmaceutical companies to conduct research and pharmaceutical innovation by providing incentives such as patents or intellectual property so that they enjoy special rights arising from drug registration as an invention.

I This article examines experimental research on intellectual property and the pharmaceutical industry on methodological issues and the main sources of data on some important issues and fundamental gaps in this direction.

Despite the existence of fundamental issues, there is relatively little empirical evidence in support of intellectual property policy, and the pharmaceutical sector in the economic field is not only complex, but also has high legal oversight. However, interventions by educated intermediaries such as physicians and pharmacists have a profound effect on drug demand. In this way, the community's need for access to new and effective drugs is met.

It is the duty of governments to ensure the safety, efficiency and quality of health products, focusing on the health of individuals in society. According to the traditional rules of the patent system, there are two major challenges to the advancement of the new drug capability, and even the Trips agreement does not say that these innovations are new, but only requires members of the World Intellectual Property Organization to certify patents. Grant products and processes that are fundamentally new.

Food products contain various chemicals, including essential and nutritious elements, toxic and harmful elements, among which dairy products are widely consumed among people and it is necessary to check the number of elements such as zinc and copper that are essential for the vital activities of the body and toxic heavy metals such as cadmium and lead that enter dairy products due to environmental pollution, need to be controlled and monitored.

To investigate the amount of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium metals in yoghurt and doogh, the products of 12 high-consumption factories in Tehran, which included 9 brands of yoghurt and 9 brands of doogh, were collected by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry method due to High sensitivity and selectivity Dry Ash method was used to prepare the sample and the samples were injected into the tube of the machine and to draw the calibration curve, the method of adding the standard edition (three times in each step) was used. The average concentration of zinc was processed by using SPSS software.

For yoghurt and doogh the average concentration of zinc was 27.08 ± 4.56 and 8.72 ±1.53 µg/l respectively, and for copper 4.94± 0.70 and 3.21± 0.59 µg/ l, and for cadmium 6.34 ± 0.73 and 4.05± 0.64µg/l and for lead was 4.84 ± 0.69 and 3.09 ± 0.62 µg/l, respectively that according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and the USDA, the concentration of all metals was below the permitted level and there was no significant difference between the concentrations of yoghurt and doogh samples. (pvalue>0.05)

Considering the increasing consumption of yoghurt and doogh dairy products in the household food basket and its serious role in daily nutrition, therefore, it seems necessary to study and control the quality of zinc and copper and lead and cadmium micronutrients contaminants.