فصلنامه مطالعات حقوقی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

Following surge increase of disputes arising out of technology developments, and especially rapid growth of e-commerce and different interactions in the cyberspace within recent decades (which some authors called it "Tsunami of Disputes"); many states, private companies and entities, at the end of second Millennium, were impelled to apply Information and Communications Technologies in the dispute settlement mechanisms. During last decade, with the help of modern Information and Communications Technologies, many different new and sophisticated models emerged and implemented, around the world, for facilitating and enhancing Online Dispute Resolutions, among them, one of the most important and efficient one has become well-known as "Crowdsourcing Online Disputes Resolution (CODR)".This new technology, by relying on "Wisdom of Crowd", conveyed much better capacities and opportunities to settle the disputes peacefully and without any need to recourse to Judicial Authorities. The present article, beside specifying the capacities of this new methods as well as analyzing their opportunities and challenges demonstrates that in order to reach fast, fair, more peaceful and cheaper methods of dispute settlements, exploiting the capacities of new models of ODR would be crucial, urgent and unavoidable, especially by considering the possibility of increase of conflicts because of Covid-19 virus out-breaking disaster and the financial and physiological crisis therefrom and the high volume of disputes in the judiciary system of our country.

breach of contracts and damages which violate the violation is one of the most important issues in the implementation of contracts. One of the cases is the violation of a breach that violates the first contract on the side of the payment of the damages and gives the second contract a type of opportunism or opportunism. the main issue of this paper is investigating the nature and principles of " restitution of the interests caused by disgorgment in the rights of the united states and investigating its possible bases in iranian law and shiite jurisprudence as well as its effect on the commitment to contracts and to prevent effective contract violations. The article shows how the American justice policy is intended to prevent opportunism with the aim of preventing breach of obligations, which is alleged to be in compliance with the other three methods of compensation for damages in markets with stable fluctuations and economies that have underlying inflation. basics explain this method ethics, efficiency, corrective justice, and unjust theory. as stated in iranian law and imami jurisprudence, it is questionable to rely on the theory of having an unfair ownership, but it can be confirmed by citing the rule of rejection of system disorders in certain conditions.

The main question in this article is that rendering a petition to court is the absolute cause of creating the relationship of the problematic issues that positive Iranian Law, including art. 48 of Civil Procedure Act have no answer to it. French jurisprudence has tried to conciliate the divergent regulations regarding to assignment of petition to defendant and registration of petition in bureau of court. One of theory that suggested by French doctrine and consequently entered into its jurisprudence is separation of substantial and procedural effects of creation of trial relationship. One of the important outputs of this article is a theory upon it the substantial effects of creation of trial relationship are emerged upon the assignment of the petition, but procedural effects of it postponed to registration of petition in bureau of the court. There are arguments that emerge hesitations about the creation of trial relationship by the registration of petition, in the court.

Indirect profit means the use of the proceeds of crime by persons other than the perpetrator (Principal, Participant and Accessories). In fact, the benefit of crime in the beginning step in the form of crime motive and the final step is to benefit from it seems. The difference between these two steps is that the motive or intention of the crime is exclusive to the principal or principals, but the final step, means that the actual profit of the crime is, Sometimes To get people who do not have role in committing a crime. This attribute is more applies to the perpetrators of the family and relatives. The issue of this research is in the same vein to explain what conditions it is possible to the punishment of the beneficiaries of the crime is possible. In this research, using library resources and analytical and descriptive methods, it has been clarified that any education or receipt of income is consistent with the title of money laundering, but it has been concluded that the benefit of the crime by the relatives of the perpetrator is conscious and due to gross neglect of the source of the suspicious property, it is not necessarily compatible with money laundering or complicity in the main crime, and in this regard, it has been suggested that ...

"Globalization" as a new concept has affected various fields of human sciences in recent decades. Among such domains, there is the field of "law" that has been influenced by this concept. In this regard, present paper, has discussed the subject of the “globalization of law” and has expressed different views on this phrase. The most common views and impressions of this concept are categorized and cited by using the research method descriptive - analytic, therefore. This research shows to what extent was the conception of globalization of law captured by schools or ideological conceptions and to what extent have previous evaluations been effective in understanding the emerging concept of globalization of law; that how the pluralism has been taken against the cosmopolitan of law; or how the conception of idealism is against legal realism. As a result, the agreement on this phrase remains at the "concept" level and there is a possibility of consensus with a refusal at the step of "conception".