نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1399)

At the time of Azod al-Dawla (323-372 AD), Zaheri Religion was reached its growth and development. As a result, mufties and followers of the religion were assigned as the leader of many Divans (courts), especially the court of justice. However, there has not been an outstanding reflection of the government's intentions in this approach among the sources, several factors and components such as political, social, and religious issues have had impact on this approach. Characteristics of Zaheri Religion, particularly, minimalism and opposition to the principles of Hanafi jurisprudence as the official religion of the caliphate (government) and the majority of Sunnis, minimalism, the lack of spreading the religious law and secularism that are correspondent with the needs and religious policies of the state, are more influencing factors in this approach rather than the other religions of Sunnis. The present study is a descriptive-analytic one. It exploits library resources to study the causes of the government's approach to Zaheri religion.

During Reza Shah's reign, the policies of centralization, authoritarian modernity, and national unity led to reforms in the field of education. This period is considered as an important period in the history of Iran due to the efforts leading the society towards modern education in the shadow of nationalism and centralism. The present article seeks to answer this question, "What effects did the nationalist and centralist policies of Reza Shah era have on the situation of schools of religious minorities (Armenians, Zoroastrians and Jews)?" This work implemented a descriptive-analytical method and relied on the available documents. At that time, religious minority schools were affected by these two policies. In some educational programs, schools activities were not in line with the new educational policy, and there was resistance from the minority community, which challenged the schools. The findings of this study show that education among religious minorities was affected by the new changes in terms of Persian language teaching, curriculum, school names, holidays and extracurricular activities. The closure for some schools was permanent and their students merged into public schools, and for some schools, it was temporary (one or more months) until they were required to implement the ministry programs. The reason for their resistance to the new educational policy was the tendency towards educational independence and the fear of losing their identity, and the consequence was the relative control of the government and the dissatisfaction of the minorities with the rule of the time.

After the establishment of the Tsarist regime in Russia, Iranian rule in the Caspian Sea was gradually challenged. Challenges of Iranian sovereignty in the Caspian Sea during the Qajar period, after two periods of war with Russia and the conclusion of the Golestan and Turkmenchay treaties led to the deprivation of Iranian sovereignty in this sea. In such circumstances, the conclusion of the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921 AD) raised hopes of restoring Iranian sovereignty in the Caspian Sea. The present study, relying on the systemic theory of International Politics by Kenneth Waltz and using the method of historical research and examining the archival documents, seeks to answer this question, “What challenges were faced by the sovereignty of Iran in the Caspian Sea in the years 1300 to 1304, after the conclusion of the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921 AD)? The research findings show that contrary to the provisions of the Friendship Treaty, the sovereignty of Iran in the Caspian Sea in the years 1300 to 1304 faced serious economic and political challenges by the Soviet government, the same as what happened in the Tsarist rule. The spread of smuggling with the support of the Soviet government, disruption of trade and the periodic rise in the prices of exported and imported goods, economic challenges and the spread of insecurity and a sense of fear, violation of the national sovereignty and territorial integrity, interference in Iran's internal and political affairs and finally supporting and inciting divergent forces against the central government were among the political challenges faced by the Iran rule in the Caspian Sea from the years 1300 to 1304.

With the failure of constitutionalism, the Iranian modernist movement consented to Reza Shahi's quasi-modern powerful government. The roots of urban planning thinking in the era of Reza Shah were based on modern Western thought and disregard for the enduring culture and traditions of the Iranian city. Reza Shah, in the role of the developer "Faust", took a step towards modernization by comparing the unsettled situation of Iran and developed countries with imitative institutions. In fact, what satisfied the king was the development of the superstructure of cities in creating spaces such as streets, squares, as well as educational, health and industrial centers. The most prominent feature of urban planning during the Reza Shah period was the direct intervention of the government in the way of changing and developing the physical urban system. This was due to the construction of a powerful power in the political system of the Pahlavi government. The municipality law passed in 1309 was a weak law in terms of people's participation in the city administration compared to the previous law that was approved in the first constitutional parliament. Urban renovation projects were implemented with the directives of the Ministry of Interior and influenced by the way Tehran was renovated. Urban renewal plans were intertwined with concepts such as cruciform streets, nineteenth-century European pattern, zoning, and the depiction of ancient texture. The main claim of this research is based on the physical changes of Tabriz, according to which, the side streets of Mehranrood (Chaee square), Tarbiyat, Pahlavi, Ferdowsi, Shahbakhti, Khaghani and also Golestan garden, municipal building, Shahgoli development, squares, hotel and cinema were built. Relying on first-hand sources, historical publications and documents, and using a descriptive-explanatory method, this article examines the intellectual foundation of the urban planning program of Reza Shah's era and analyzes the physical developments of Tabriz.

Belief in the advent of the Imam Zaman (AS) is one of the basic pillars of the Imami Shiite religion that has flowed throughout the history of Islam and Shiism. During the Mongol domination and the establishment of the Ilkhanid government in Iran, the issue of Mahdism grew significantly. The presence of alien elements who had non-Islamic religion and their domination of the Islamic society and country caused sedition and corruption, chaos, wars, tax increases and chaos. In such circumstances, the people felt more than ever the need for a reformer who would put an end to all oppression and tyranny with his arrival. In this period, expectation and saviorism penetrated the ideas and thoughts of the people (Shiites) and even non-Shiites, more than any other age. ‌In some cities, people went to the city gates every day waiting for a savior and waited for the absent Imam ‌. In this study, the causes of the emergence and growth of the idea of saviorism and Mahdism and their consequences, including the use of the idea of saviorism by the insurgents have been studied in a descriptive and analytical manner.

This article, which aims to examine the political thought and action of Mohammad Amin Rasoul Zadeh in the field of Islam, seeks to answer the questions of “What place did Islam have in the thought of Mohammad Amin Rasoulzadeh?”, and “What are the most important features of Rasoul Zadeh's political behavior in the field of Islam?” Findings show that although Rasoul Zadeh emphasized on the role and importance of Islam in the human personal and social life, but the political and social conditions of the Caucasus and his mental assumptions such as being influenced by the intellectuals of his time, caused him to use Islam for his own political and nationalist goals. He used the oppression and colonialism of Tsarism against the Muslims of Russia and the Caucasus for his own political goals and aspirations, and spared no effort to reconcile Islam with the socialist and nationalist ideas. He had a nationalist interpretation of the issue of Islamic unity. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical using the works of Mohammad Amin Rasoul Zadeh and the available historical documents.

Simultaneous with the Constitutional Revolution, the lack of women's participation in the official politics and the growing presence of Iranian women in society, especially cultural, political and party activities, can be seen. The efforts of women with the policies of the Pahlavi period and the Iranian Women's Organization continued to play a direct role until the Islamic Revolution. The subject of the present article is the performance of the Women's Organization in Bushehr (1345-1357). The presence of socially active women and working women, especially the cultural strata of society, created a variety of formal spaces for the women's activities. By joining this organization, as their social and cultural duties, they considered various civic activities such as: caring for the deprived and the poor, visiting the sick, and trying to spread cultural activities, especially in the field of literacy and academia. The instructions and goals of the Women's Organization in Iran were determined in the center and communicated to different cities. The main question of the research is, "What role the Bushehri women and especially the Bushehr branch of the Women's Organization play in the activities and performance of the Iranian Women's Organization, during the period of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi?" The research hypothesis is, Bushehri women who were members of the Iranian Women's Organization, despite the obstacles and difficult local conditions, provided the necessary conditions for the women in the region to move out of social, political and especially cultural isolation and also provided various social services in Bushehr during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. The present study implements a descriptive-analytical method using the archival documents and library resources to answer the research question.

The Bavandian dynasty is one of the most important dynasties ruling Tabarestan. They ruled for more than seven centuries at their headquarters in Shahriarkuh. During this period, this dynasty was divided into the branches of Kayusiyya, Ispahbadhiyya and Kinkhwariyya. One of the most important actions of the first branch of the Bavandians, i.e. Kayusiyya, was the minting of the phrase "Ali Waliullah" on their coins. Therefore, the main issue in this study is to investigate the causes and factors of multiplication of the phrase "Ali Waliullah" on the Bavandian coins. In this research, using historical sources and numismatic studies and relying on descriptive-analytical method, the multiplication of the phrase "Ali Waliullah" on the Bavandian coins has been studied and analyzed. The results of the research indicate that the themes of Rostam ibn Shervin and Marzban ibn Rostam coins have been set in two directions in order to legitimize the government. On the one hand, the phrase "Ali Waliullah" and on the other hand, the name of the Abbasid Caliph are inserted. We can speak of two legitimizing currents: 1) Gaining legitimacy from outside the Bavandians realm. 2) Gaining legitimacy within the territory of Bavandians. In this way, the coins present a legitimate image of Rostam ibn Shervin which is in line with the beliefs of the people. They also seek the legitimacy from the sides of the Abbasid Caliph and the Amir of the Buyid.