نشریه زبان و فرهنگ ملل
پیاپی 5 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

What is culture? what are its definitions and what role does it play in human beings? Are cultures impassable faults and what makes them like billiard balls is the relationship between culture and worldview and way of thinking, the application of thought and its achievements? What does cultural activity have to do with our definition of culture, and why should we take this combination seriously and distance ourselves from any cultural engineering of society and cultural institutions, and essentially engineered cultural activities? The present article analyzes the internal relationship between cultures and culture at the center of these questions; and it shows that human behavior is the product of diverse education in various and broad cultural contexts; and that cultural activities should be taken in serious and in a purposeful manner based on the method of these contexts.Key words:Culture, cultural activities, cultural context, local culture, global culture

The Alawite community is one of the most populous religious and mystical groups in Turkey and the Balkans. (Despite the differences), due to their religious and cultural connection with Shiism and Sufism and their heartfelt love for the infallible Imams (as) and their location within the Shiite geography, they have great status and importance.In order to study carefully the intellectual infrastructure and ideological foundations of the Alawites, as well as the extent to which the various Islamic religions and sects influence them, a comprehensive and fundamental study of the historical roots of the Alawites is inevitable. Therefore, it is certain that the research on the historical background and the formation of Alawite beliefs and ideas is one of the important and necessary points that will be effective in achieving their status. Most Alawite groups claim to be Twelver Shiites, although because of some factors, they have strayed from many of their original teachings over time. Belief in the Twelve Imams (as), as a clear feature, is the main pillar of the belief of the "Alawites", but their lack of adherence and lack of practical adherence to some rules, caused a serious rift with Islamic religions. The purpose of this study is to identify the roots of Alawism and the influence of Alawites on intellectual and spiritual schools; especially the study of common elements, similarities and their doctrinal influences from Shiite teachings, which in this article, is explored with an analytical perspective and a description of the subject.

In the Safavid era, Iran went through many ups and downs in political, social, economic, cultural and many other domains. The relations between Iran and India were especially important in this period inasmuch as it had a tremendous impact in all these fields. The relationship between the two countries was important for a number of reasons such as the commerce and trade, poetry, friendship, attaching importance to literature and poetry, and most importantly, the spread of the Twelver Shiite denomination in the Indian subcontinent. On the other hand, the significant influence that this period had on the thoughts and mind of Saeb Tabrizi, who was well-known for his own poetic style and for his profound thinking, astuteness, broad-mindedness, insight as a leading poet should not overlooked. Saeb was able to delineate the themes related to India in his poetry and to perpetuate it artistically. In this article, the history of Iran in the Safavid era and the relations between Iran and India and its reflection in the poetry of one of the most important poets in the Indian style are studied.

Sufism is one of the manifestations of mysticism among Muslims. A significant number of Muslims in North Africa are Sufis, many of whom are interested in the life of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and have an intellectual and doctrinal affinity with the Shiite faith. Algeria, whose official religion is Sunni Islam is one of the important North African hosts of Sufism. Sufism spread to Algeria in the 12th century, and with the rise of Sufism in North Africa from the 16th century onwards, followers of Sufism in Algeria significantly increased. Since some political and cultural aspects of Sufism in Algeria are consistent with those of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study uses the descriptive-analytical method and primary and secondary resources to identify aspects of Sufism in Algeria and to investigate the correlation between the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Sufi sects and organizations in this country. The results show that in recent years, the Algerian government has used Sufism and its teachings to counter Salafism and terrorism. Sufism is relatively popular in Algeria, and some Sufi groups have a positive view of the Islamic Republic of Iran and tend to engage with Iran. Therefore, Iran can take advantage of this opportunity on behalf of its foreign policy.

Social and cultural diversity, including language, ethnicities and religions, is a feature of the vast land and civilization of Islamic Iran, and this social diversity provides many capacities for development, growth and development, which requires proper policy and management of this diversity. . The important point is that the policy of diversity in any political system should be a function of the nature of the political system of ideals and principles and values, codified and non-codified in that system. The social values ​​of Islam as well as the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a fundamental document with the approach of the policy model of unity in pluralism, while accepting the existing diversity of identities, also emphasizes the strengthening and strengthening of national solidarity. Indigenous model of diversity and ethnic management in Iran, should be using the positive and constructive experiences of similar countries and societies and considering the differences in the epistemological principles of the Islamic Republic with other political systems on the one hand and recognizing the realities of identity, culture and ethnicity. Iran, on the other hand, should be designed; While accepting the existing diversity of identities, it will also lead to the strengthening and consolidation of national solidarity.

Bangladesh-Myanmar neighborhood in a crossroad of two vital regions in Asia-south and southeastern- existence of two opposite ethno-religious patterns, existence of a buffer zone between two countries, namely Chittagong in Bangladesh, sequential failures of democratic state in Myanmar and widespread poverty in Bangladesh all in all are important factors in geopolitics of two countries and inevitable consequences of consecutive migrations between the two countries especially for the recent decades. In spite of the fact that Bangladesh is homogenous in terms of its ethnicity and religion, there are different ethno religious groups acting in country’s behavior.with a glance to Bangladesh’s background, the following article is going to discuss on Bangladesh ethnicity and religious facts, the Bengali tribe and the origin of Rohingya as part of this tribe in Myanmar’s officials point of view or an ancient tribe in history of Myanmar in Rohingya’s view. Then it attempts to explain some aspects of Bangladesh’s ethno religious effects on shaping Myanmar’s behavior of power and political authorities.

Study of cultural movements in the international arena is the most important introduction to international Promoting. However, Study of cultural movements in the international arena itself needs to be introduced to the cultural status of the world and to international cultural theories.Cultural movements are always based on theoretical schools and cultural theories and follow their principles. Therefore, these principles and theories need to be evaluated and their role in shaping the cultural movements.This article does not cover all the theories that affect international cultural ontology, but because of the importance of the theory of globalization, what is its theory and its impact on cultural ontology is the main issue of this article.Cultural specificism, cultural transformation, cultural imperialism, and cultural homogeneity resulting from globalization appear to form specific and significant cultural movements.

Stylistics is the study of individuals' linguistic behaviors. Language speakers, depending on different situations they are experiencing, such as different period of time, settings and gender, use different forms of writing. A literary text, compared to an ordinary or a scientific text, is different in style and structure. Layered stylistics, is considered as one of the modern forms of stylistics, that not only centers around traditional stylistics subjects, but also focuses on content, efficacy of thoughts, cogitations, ideology, reader’s point of view and even the atmosphere of work creation. Layered stylistics analyses the text using Literary Analysis approach in five different layers of phonetic, rhetorical, syntactic, lexical and ideologic, and after expressing each of these five layers, it intends to show the text’s special features and lineaments in a suitable condition in order to express writer’s cogitations, thoughts and inner feelings that underlies his personal style.In this article, it is trying to analyze stylistic features of these two poems “Asrar-e-khodi” (The secrets of self) and “Romuz-e-bikhodi”.“Asrar-e-khodi” the first and the most important poem of Iqbal Lahori, is written in verse about self-awareness and theology using new philosophical, social and political ideas. His second poetry book “Romuz-e-bikhodi”, in fact complements the “Asrar-e-khodi”. In “Romuz-e-bikhodi”, he again talked about that a Self (khodi) after being trained, should serve the society, and the integrity of self is to join the population.Eghbal used different levels of phonetic, lexical, semantic and rhetorical to reach his more basic and important goal that is to express the idealogy and change the Muslim’s lifestyle and the most important thing that indicates his style is the level of vocabulary usage, he added the best new compound words to Persian language.

Examining the grammar and rules between Arabic and Russian, many similarities can be seen in the rules of these two languages. In a logical study, the late changes of Arabic and Russian nouns in sentences; The functional similarities of Arab in Arabic and (падеж) in Russian are quite obvious, it means that both of theme define the role of words in combinations and sentences, and in both languages to identify the role of words in sentences, this feature can be used. But this phenomenon is not seen in French and German language, and in this article it is assumed that Arab or late word changes in sentences are a kind of instrument that is not only in Arabic, but other languages as well as Russian use this tool. But this tool is not used in other languages such as French and German. . Although there are structural similarities between the rules of these two languages and Arabic, but these two languages use other tools to identify the role of words in sentences, and this difference has been examined with logical reasoning. Finally, this logical reasoning has been proved by the method of new logic; and also the correctness of the result or reasoning has been expressed in the space of Tarski's theory of truth, and according to Tarski's theory, the result of the reasoning has been true.

Today, various evangelical movements and groups in Africa are active for religious, economic and political motives. One of these countries is Sierra Leone in West Africa, which has received a lot of attention from the Christian propaganda movements due to its rich natural resources, pristine and beautiful nature, culture and peaceful character; therefore, the Christian sects have established churches, universities, schools, etc. in this country. They are preaching Christianity and recruiting members for the churches. In a sense, the immense poverty of the people and the political dependence of this country on Western powers, especially Britain and the United States of America, have paved the way for a greater conversion to Christianity. Christian missionaries from different sects try to find and promote their vision by coordinating their activities with the indigenous culture and desires of this country and using various methods. In this article, based on a series of field and library studies and analysis of the capacity and indigenous conditions of this country, an attempt has made to identify and introduce active Christian movements in this country. For this purpose, in addition to referring to some books and sources, interviews have conducted with a number of Christian missionaries and Christian professors working in this country. From these studies and interviews, with the method of discourse and resource analysis, an analytical report of Christian activism groups, Christian movements and propaganda methods of Christianity has presented in this country.

From time immemorial, all divine religions, in order to achieve cultural standards such as peace and justice, have transmitted certain ideas and instructions to human beings through the divine books and divine messengers. Islam is one of the religions that has a special reference to this issue and these teachings and instructions are not only for a specific group but can be implemented on a global scale. Other ancient lands have witnessed the views of great thinkers and jurists who have expressed desirable and useful ideas for the implementation of justice-seeking governments in the global scale. Most of these cultural concepts have been transmitted to human beings through education. For example, the land of China, which is the birthplace of the great sage Confucius, is one of the first jurists to implement peace and tranquility and justice in the world. It has benefited from very high teachings. He also did not think of the concept of peace and justice only on a territorial scale; Rather, his teachings for globalization and the establishment of peace and security at the international cultural level are ready to emerge and flourish.

The Taliban is the name of a group of militias opposed to the Afghan government who have fanatical and extremist religious beliefs. The Taliban in Afghanistan and the Arab world are those who have learned Islamic teachings in religious schools and have taken a hard line on Islam. This article seeks to analyze the structure of the political system of the Taliban group, whose political system structure is derived from the Islamic government and has chosen the Islamic caliphate for the structure of its political system and called for a return to pure Muhammadan Islam. But in a regressive way, he opposed all available modern tools.The research method in this article is analytical and descriptive and written documents are used and the research findings show that the Taliban movement is formed from the structure of the political system, very simply and the structure of this movement was named in the form of Islamic Emirate. Supporters of the Taliban have been Westerners and regional stakeholders who designed the group to achieve specific goals. The United States has pursued Islamophobic projects in the West, and Arab and Pakistani countries have sought to pressure the Afghan government.