Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:11 Issue: 5, Jun 2021

Absenteeism is a situation whereby students absence themselves from clinical posting without good reason, this incidence among student nurses contributed a significant problem that if not addressed will adversely affect the quality of nursing care; therefore, motivation of student during clinical posting found to be an important ingredient needed in eradicating absenteeism. Consequently, this study aims to determine the reasons why student nurses absenting themselves from clinical posting, its effect and how clinical instructor can motivate student nurses since they are the first role models and have a significant impact in their skill development.

A descriptive, quantitative design was used to elicit the information from a sample of 80 nurses and 80 students’ nurses. Nurses: 25 medical surgical ward, 23 surgical ward, 17 obstetrics and gynecology ward, 15 theaters, and 80 student nurses, statistically drawn through a stratified sampling technique across the wards and school of nursing. Data collected were analyzed using tables, percentages, means, and standard deviation at 0.05 level of significance through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.

The student participants reported that non conducive working environment, working in infectious ward without adequate protection, noncooperation from clinical instructor, excessive number of clinical hours, embarrassment faced in front of patients and other medical personnel, lack of prompt medical treatment and care when sick, too much workload, and other number of clinical assignments as a major reason why they absenting themselves from clinical posting. The effect of student absenteeism and how students can be motivated is identified in this study.

Reported factors leading to absenteeism among nursing students and identified motivating care should be handled carefully by the hospital managers to produce better health-care delivery’ nurses in future.

Globally, 30% of female over 50 years old have osteoporosis. This disease is one of the major causes of disability and death in the elderly. This research was aimed to determine the prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone density based on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and its sociodemographic, obstetric, and life style risk factors.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed by simple random sampling on 850 postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years covered by all health centers, from August 2018 to April 2019, in Tabriz-Iran. Four hundred and forty-five eligible women underwent densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Socio-individual, obstetric-medical, international physical activity questionnaires-short form, and anthropometric questionnaires were completed. Data analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics including multivariate logistic regression in SPSS 21 software.

The prevalence of primary osteoporosis based on lumbar vertebra T-score, femoral neck T-score, and total was 23.4%, 3.4%, and 24.5%, respectively, and the prevalence of primary osteopenia based on lumbar vertebra T-score, femur neck T-score, and total was 42%, 35.5%, and 43.6%, respectively. The present study showed that the odds of osteoporosis increased by increment of age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.30), but it decreased by increasing menopausal age (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85–1.01), body mass index (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78–0.97), arm circumference (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74–0.95), and education level (P = 0.028). It was higher in unmarried women (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.99–7.08) and those with nonpersonal housing (OR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.24–13.07).

Given the high prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone mass in postmenopausal women, health education is necessary for preventing modifiable risk factors and reducing the complications of this disease.

In their apprenticeship program, health information technology (HIT) students are deprived of the ample opportunity to work with the hospital information system (HIS). This study aimed to design an interactive simulator for the HIS training and evaluate its effects on the informatics skills of HIT students.

This study was conducted on 16 Bachelor of Science students of HIT at Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2019. After the functionalities and features of the simulator were determined based on similar existing simulators, expert opinions were received to simulate eight important processes of admission, discharge, and transfer module in HIS. The scores of students’ skills and time taken to perform the processes were recorded and analyzed before and after the educational intervention. After they were trained by the simulator, the students filled out a usability evaluation questionnaire. The data were then analyzed in SPSS version 21.

The simulators of health information systems were characterized by interactivity, multimedia applications, practice exercises, tests, and feedback. After the students were trained by the developed simulator, their skills scores improved significantly in 75% (6/8) of the processes, and the timespans of all processes decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The usability evaluation indicated the usability of the simulator was at a “good” level.

According to the study results, using the simulator improves the informatics skills of HIT students in working with HIS. It is recommended that this method also be used in other apprenticeship programs to teach health information systems.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a new viral outbreak in the world. Dentists and their assistants are at greatest risk of exposure to the virus, due to close contact with patients and dealing with aerosols. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and supplementary protective equipment (SPE) and observance of the principles of infection control (PIC) in dentists and their assistants before and after the corona crisis.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted using an online survey from May 6 to 20, 2020. Convenience sampling was used to select individuals. The questionnaire, consisting of four general categories about the use of PPE and SPE and the observance of PIC by dentists and their assistants before and after corona crisis, was registered at Porsline website (https://survey.porsline.ir/s/KUt7VQB). Frequencies in each subcategory were calculated and comparisons were done using Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, and paired sample t‑test. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There were significant differences in the frequency of use of PPE by dentists before and after corona crisis for oral and dental examination and also dental procedures (P < 0.001). There were significant differences in the frequency of use of SPE and observance of PIC before and after corona crisis, except for different types of suction types (P = 0.22), dental handpiece (P = 0.66), and dental unit (P = 1). There were significant differences in the frequency of use of PPE by dental assistants before and after corona crisis (P < 0.001).

Although the frequency of use of PPE and observance of PIC increased among dentists and their assistants, this increase is not sufficient, especially for dental assistants, and a higher level of use of PPE and PIC observance in face of highly contagious and life‑threatening viruses such as corona is required.

To determine functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) aspects, there should be a guideline to retrieve documents in this area for researchers with different levels of knowledge about these disorders. the objective of this study was conducted in order to compile different terms related to different categories of these disorders and to determine the sensitivity of them.

To set a proper search, some strategies were used to enhance the precision and sensitivity. After preparing the list of terms according to some sources such as thesauruses, Rome classification, related review articles, and so on, they were divided into seven categories and the queries in each of them were searched on the Scopus.

The sensitivity for each of the terms in categories were calculated, and the highest values were as follow: FGIDs with 189 queries (“digestive* system* function* disorder*”), irritable bowel syndrome with 142 queries (“irritable colon*”), functional constipation with 13 queries (“function* disorder*” and constipation), functional diarrhea with 16 queries (“function* disorder*” and diarrhea), functional bloating with 29 queries (“function* disorder*” and bloat*), Functional Dyspepsia with 29 queries (“functional dyspep*”), and neurogenic bowel with 7 queries (“neurogenic bowel*”).

Given the values calculated for sensitivity, and considering the type of study, in order to retrieve documents in this area, it is necessary to apply all or part of the proposed queries to the search strategy.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students had reported experiencing high rates of distress, burnout, anxiety, and depression. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 in the general population suggested that the mental health impact was increased anxiety, depression, and stress. There were no exceptions if medical students also experience the same psychological impact. The aimed to this study is analyze the mental and emotional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among medical students.

An observational analytic study was used with a cross-sectional approach. Data were obtained with questionnaires distributed through social media platforms from July 14, 2020, to July 21, 2020. This study using the Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19) Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 to assess FCV-19, anxiety, stress, and depression. statistical analysis used IBM SPSS Statistics 24 was used to analyze the two-tailed Chi-square test, the Mann–Whitney test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test, which were used with statistical significance as P < 0.05 for all tests.

Out of 1027 samples, 44.6% had stressed, 47.8% had anxiety, and 18.6% had depression. The gender (P = 0.000), educational stage (P = 0.000), and the comorbidity factor (P = 0.001 for stress and anxiety, P = 0.036 for depression, and P = 0.000 for FCV-19) had a significant association with stress, anxiety, depression, and FCV-19 in medical students. The hometown that showed zone risk of infection only showed significant differences in FCV-19 (P = 0.026).

Protection and psychological support for a medical student is extremely high importance given that COVID-19 is now a well-established pandemic and there will be other pandemics in the future.

Quality of relationship marital status affects all aspects of family functioning, including sustainability of cohabit living, supporting children, and happiness of couples. This study was conducted to examine the effect of group cognitive‑behavioral counseling on optimism and self‑esteem of women during the 1st month of marriage that referring to marriage counseling center.

A semi‑experimental study was designed by a test, posttest, and follow‑up. Participants consisted of 30 women admitted to premarriage counseling center of Farsan city in 2018 with using purposive sampling by random numbers’ table into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in eight consecutive 2‑h group counseling sessions. Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire, Rosenberg’s Self‑Esteem Scale, and optimism designed by Mir Ahmadi (reliability and validity are calculated and was 0.96) and completed in three rounds. Women’s self‑esteem retested was done after 1 month. Data were analyzed with independent t‑test and repeated measures ANOVA (significance level <0.005). Quantitative variables were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.

There were no significant differences between optimism scores in the experimental (M = 150.47, standard deviation [SD] = 22.07) and control groups (M = 149.2, SD = 21.54) prior to intervention (P = 0.875). The mean optimism score was significantly different in intervention (M = 169.33, SD = 17.01) and control (M = 147.2, SD = 22.22) groups immediately after counseling (P = 0.005) and 1 month after counseling (P = 0.002, M = 171.08, SD = 17.98). The mean self‑esteem scores were statistically significant in both groups immediately after counseling (P = 0.023, I: M = 37.06, SD = 8.69, C: M = 31.4, SD = 4.83) and 1 month after counseling (P = 0.028, I: M = 34.73, SD = 4.93, C: M = 30.06, SD = 4.8).

Cognitive‑behavioral counseling enhances women’s optimism by emphasizing the training of communication and conflict resolution skills, which leads to positive attitude and life satisfaction. Therefore, using cognitive‑behavioral counseling in marriage counseling sessions can improve couples’ relationships.

The clinical laboratories require organizational behavior management approach that creates a balance between directors’ expectations and staffs’ needs in this field. This study was aimed to explain the role of organizational behavior management in clinical laboratories and suggest mechanisms for its implementation in these organizations.

In this research, using several Persian and English databases by keywords consist of the clinical laboratory, organizational behavior management, and staff diversity. Three hundred and fifty four references from 1990 to 2020 were studied, and 72 references, including abstracts and full papers utilized for this research, and excluded papers presented at conferences, seminars, and dissertations. Using MESH strategy and Pico’s instruction.

The results of studies revealed staffs’ individual differences in all aspects, including early and secondary dimensions may influenced the style of leadership implemented in clinical laboratories, “job‑personality compatibility theory,” job satisfaction and job commitment of staffs work in clinical laboratories and the way the directors and managers can develop the job loyalty and improve the organizational productivity in these organizations.

It is suggested a conceptual model for understanding and assessing the different organizational behaviors of clinical laboratories staffs based on communication skills, staffs’ interaction, and socio‑political, economic, and cultural elements, which should be more developed in future using the other similar studies.

With the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak, the transformation of the care delivery model from conventional in‑person (face to face) to largely virtual or remote care has been accelerated to appropriately allocate resources and constrain the spread of the virus. In this regard, telemedicine is a breakthrough technology to battle against the COVID‑19 emergency. Therefore, we sought to identify the telemedicine applications in the COVID‑19 pandemic (tele‑COVID) according to interaction modes, transmission modalities, and disease categories. This systematic review was conducted through searching five databases including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria were studies clearly outlining any use of telemedicine interactive mode during the COVID‑19 pandemic, written in English language and published in peer‑reviewed journals in 2020. Finally, 43 articles met the inclusion out of the 1118 search results. Telemedicine provides a diversity of interaction modes and modalities affordable by patients and physicians including short message service, E-mail and web portals, secure telephone calls or VOIP, video calls, interactive mobile health applications (m‑Health), remote patient monitoring, and video conferencing. Transmission of video data using synchronized video calls via common social media had the highest and exchange of data using store‑forward service via secure messaging technology and prerecorded multimedia had the lowest popularity for virtual disease management during the COVID-19 outbreak. Selection of telemedicine communication services and interaction modes with regard to its use-case, disease category, and application plays a significant role in the success of remote disease management infrastructures in this scenario and their implication for a better future healthcare system.

Healthy dietary adherence might be one of the effective and modifiable factors for hypertension (HTN) control; therefor, empowering patients for self‑care management including healthy food patterns play a key role in guiding their care, in partnership with health care providers. This study aimed to identify the factors predicting nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and adherence to a diet based on transtheoretical model (TTM) among hypertensive middle‑aged women.

A cross‑sectional survey was conducted on 164 patients with HTN attending west health centers of Tehran, Iran, in 2020. Simple random sampling was used. Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents were collected, a valid and reliable measure on nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and adherence to diet, and a researcher‑made measure based on TTM constructs through in‑person interview was applied. Descriptive statistics and general linear model were utilized for data analysis using SPSS version 25. The significance level was considered less than 0.05.

Mean and standard deviation of participants was 50.82 ± 8.77 years. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that family income (P < 0.001) and body mass index (P < 0.001) predicted nutritional knowledge and adherence to diet, respectively. Decisional balance and self‑efficacy constructs predicted nutrition knowledge and illness perceptions (P < 0.001). In adherence to diet, overcoming the temptation construct was indicated as the only predictor (P < 0.001).

Study findings highlighted the necessity of tailoring and implementing interventions based on TTM using appropriate strategies to promote quality of HTN management approach in nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and dietary adherence.

Rational pharmacology use and appropriate prescribing are among the key learning outcomes in medical education. Some medical faculties include rational pharmacotherapy course in their education programs at different years of education in Turkey. The aims of this study were to investigate the differences in effect of rational pharmacotherapy course on short- and long-terms by comparing two cohorts who attended the course in different clinical years of medical education by identifying which parameters of prescription items are different among groups.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in School of Medicine. Participants consisted of 157 students who attended the course in Grade 4 (n = 110, Group A) and Grade 5 (n = 47, Group B). Students were asked to complete a prescribing task both upon completion of the course and 1 year after. The performance in prescribing was determined by prescription scoring form. Repeated measures ANOVA was employed to test the intervention effect between two periods. McNemar test was employed to measure the change in each item on the prescription. Point-biserial correlations between each item on the prescription and their scores on the test as a whole were calculated.

The mean score of Group A dropped to 59.41 (standard deviation [SD] = 14.06) from 90.43 (SD = 8.90), and the mean score of Group B dropped to 73.37 (SD = 12.56) from 83.91 (SD = 10.03). All the prescription components in the scripts of the Group A students worsened significantly, except the “name of drug,” whereas Group B students maintained most of them after 1 year.

This study shows that the long-term retention effect of rational pharmacotherapy course conducted in later years of education is better than the course conducted in earlier years of education, which may be related to the fact that students in later years are more likely to take on responsibility for patient therapy process in clinical education.

The importance of dental implant quality register has been well‑documented. However, no systematic review conducted on dental implant quality register can be found in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study the existed dental implant quality registries to explain the goals, data elements, and reports of dental implant quality registries.

This systematic study was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. For evaluating dental implant quality registers, all studies in the English language were examined with no time limitation. Case reports, conference abstracts, and letters to the editor were excluded. The analysis of the quality of the studies was done by the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology checklist.

The primary search identified 5565 articles. After eliminating duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria and reviewing 40 full texts, 11 studies were included in this study. In this review, seven countries as Sweden, the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland, Australia, and South Korea had dental implant quality registers. Furthermore, the goals of dental implant quality registers were classified into the categories of research, epidemiology, administrative, clinical, and surveillance.

The results of this study provide dentists and other stakeholders useful information on the existed dental implant quality registers and databases worldwide. It also provides a framework of the goals, data elements, and reports of dental implant quality registry. The establishment of dental implant quality register will be beneficial for societies and also allows them to control the complications of dental implants in future.

The first step to properly designing image retrieval systems with the aim of meeting the needs of students and researchers is to be fully aware of their behavior in the face of these systems and image resources. The purpose of this study is to identify image retrieval behavior of medical students.

This study is an applied research that has been done by descriptive‑survey method. The statistical population of this study is 816 general (clinical) medical students who are studying in the fourth and fifth years. Using Morgan and Krejcie table, the number of statistical sample members was 265 who were selected using random sampling method. Research data have been gathered using a questionnaire (researcher made) and then analyzed using SPSS22 software.

The findings showed that 78.1% of students consider the use of images in class presentations or scientific reporting as the most important reason. According to 73.6% of respondents, the highest rate of image search is in the form of videos. About 76.2% of them consider general search engines to be the most common source for receiving images. For this purpose, only 3.8% of students refer to the librarians. Among the databases from which medical images can be obtained, the most well‑known source was the Springer website, which 30.6% of respondents were familiar.

The process of meeting the image‑seeking needs is influenced by various individual, social, and other factors. This study can improve this process by providing the necessary suggestions to medical students, for eliminating barriers and problems in accessing reliable resources and visual information they require, to clarify the necessity of promoting technical knowledge to search accurately and to help for finding solutions to medical and treatment educational centers to have access to reliable and up‑to‑date information.

Given that many Iranian were interested in the consumption of foods that are high in fats, the present study was done to determine the effect of a nutrition education intervention on knowledge, attitude, and intake of foods high in fat among a sample of women in Tehran.

In this quasi‑experimental study, 92 female referrals to the health houses affiliated to Tehran municipal were selected and assigned to either intervention (n = 46) or control (n = 46) groups. Information (data) regarding women’s knowledge, attitude, and practice in terms of foods rich in fat intake was collected by three questionnaires. Then, a nutrition education intervention included four 40–60 min training sessions over 4 weeks was designed and conducted to the study participants in the intervention group. Two groups were followed up 2 months after the intervention. Finally, all data were analyzed by using the independent‑samples t‑tests, Student’s paired‑samples t‑test, and Pearson correlation analysis on the R software (version 6.3.2).

The results showed that there were significant reductions in a positive attitude towards food with high fat content and intake of these foods in the intervention group compared with the control group after the intervention (P < 0.001). Furthermore, following the intervention, the intervention group reported a significant increase in dietary fat nutrition knowledge than the control group (P < 0.001).

Developing nutrition education interventions is an effective strategy for reducing the consumption of foods rich in fat in Iranian women.

In 1985, the Iranian parliament approved the integration of Medical Education and Health Services and the establishment of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, which has since been the policymaker of Health Higher Education in Iran. The policies are not based on a codified framework and many were abolished at some point. Some critical issues are not addressed and some activities overlap. The purpose of the present study was to identify the content themes of core policies in the Iranian Health Higher Education system and provide a detailed policy orientation taxonomy.

This qualitative study was conducted in 2019 using the thematic content analysis of documents relevant to Higher Education and Health Higher Education, including upstream documents, and documents and enactments of the Deputy Minister of Education and its policy centers.

From 586 policy documents, six main themes or six core policy orientations in the Health Higher Education System were identified, including Development of Medical Education System Policies; Ensuring the Alignment of Operations with Policies; Policies Related to Medical Education Development; Value‑orientation; Networking and Development of Medical Education System Interactions; and the Development of Research, Management, and Translation of Medical Education knowledge.

Developing a taxonomy of Health Higher Education policy orientations helps policymakers identify the neglected and overstressed areas. It can provide education policymakers with categorized and comprehensive information to quickly access accurate information, make informed decisions, avoid mistakes, and increase productivity.

Malignant epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) represents the most common indication for emergent radiotherapy. First‑year residents must quickly gain competence in managing this condition prior to taking call for the department. We sought to develop a hybrid didactic/simulation exercise to assist first‑year radiation oncology residents in developing a skillset relevant to treating a MESCC case in an emergency situation. This was a prospective, qualitative survey study conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, during the years 2014–2016. Following an introductory lecture during orientation for academic years 2014–2016, residents completed a simulated consultation on a patient with suspected MESCC. Subsequently, they worked with radiation therapists to complete the clinical treatment procedure (including field placement and manual calculation of monitor units needed to deliver the prescribed dose) to a phantom placed on a linear accelerator. Residents were then surveyed about whether the exercise increased confidence in their ability to successfully complete a consult, and urgent treatment if needed, for MESCC. All residents agreed or strongly agreed that this exercise had improved this ability, and all agreed or strongly agreed that the exercise was valuable and should be retained in the curriculum. Simulated consultation and treatment of MESCC provides new residents with increased confidence and knowledge regarding this relatively common indication for emergent radiation.

One of the most important ways to acquire knowledge in the present age is education based on new technologies, including mobile learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a multi‑stage mobile training based on Gagne instructional design on learning, retention, and satisfaction of health volunteers.

In this interventional study, 112 health volunteers a Health Centre in Mashhad during 2019–2020 were enrolled. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: mobile education based on Gagne model (n = 56) and conventional lecture (n = 56). A researcher‑made questionnaire was completed by the eligible subjects before, after, and 2 months after the intervention to assess their learning, retention and satisfaction in educational methods. Face validity, content validity, and reliability of the data collection tool and model fitness indices were confirmed. Content validity of data collection tools verified by experts and its reliability was calculated to be 0.78. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS‑25, using descriptive (mean and standard deviation [SD]) and analytical statistical tests (independent t‑test).

The results showed that 2 days and 2 months after the intervention, learning, and retention rate was significantly higher in the mobile learning based on Gagne model group in comparison to conventional lecture group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the intervention group was generally satisfied with the mobile training method.

Mobile learning based on Gagne model is recommended for improving learning, retention among health‑care workers.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Most women with MS are diagnosed during their reproductive ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between fertility, pregnancy, and MS.

A retrospective descriptive–analytic study was conducted on 110 women suffering from MS with a history of pregnancy (between 2007 and 2017 years) in Isfahan, Iran. Samples were selected in a census model. Women completed a researcher-constructed questionnaire by telephone. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic information, MS and its symptoms and treatment, and reproductive system and the history of pregnancy associated with MS. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using Chi-square, ANOVA, and t-test.

The mean age of women was 32.4 years. In this population, the average number of pregnancies was 1.61, the number of deliveries was 1.35, the number of abortions was 0.24, the history of ectopic pregnancy was 0.01, the number of alive children was 1.36, and the number of dead children was 0.01. The average time of the last MS attack before the pregnancy was 21.36 months. Fatigue (24.5%) was the most common symptom exacerbated during pregnancy. MS symptoms improved in 55.0% of women in the second trimester.

MS had no effect on the pregnancy status, such as the number of abortions, ectopic pregnancy, alive and dead children, and the duration of pregnancy. Symptoms of the disease improved during pregnancy. Therefore, pregnancy has a protective role against MS.

This study investigated the reasons for the students’ attendance in and absenteeism from lecture classes from the perspective of professors, students, and educational planning to change the unsatisfactory status quo.

The present study was a narrow needs assessment survey which was performed on students (n = 70) of the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in four stages. In the first stage, the opinions of professors and students about the reasons for absenteeism from the lecture classes were collected. In the second stage, the results of the first stage were discussed by an expert panel to find solutions for the problem. The results of the survey were tabulated, summarized, and discussed. In the third stage, online classes were held as one of the solutions and evaluated in the fourth stage.

The results showed that various factors, such as professor empowerment, evaluation system, audiovisual equipment of the classes, educational curriculum, and class schedules, are associated with the students’ attendance in the classes. Along with these factors, one of the most important reasons for students’ absenteeism from classes in recent years might be the generational differences of students. The evaluation of online classes showed that the ratio of the number of students who actively participated in the online classes to the number of students participating in the online classes varied from 30% to 64% (P < 0.05).

In addition to improving the factors associating students’ attendance in classes, online education is a proper solution for reducing absenteeism in lecture classes and increasing students’ active participation from the perspective of professors and students.

Over the past few decades, significant demographic and epidemiological changes have been occurred and led to serious changes in the health-care needs of the elderly. Integrated care has been emerged as a strategy to provide better care for the elderly in the community. The aim of this study was conducted to evaluate components of integrated health-care program of the elderly.

This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran (Iran) in 2019. For the purpose of the study, a two-stage cluster sampling method was employed. In the firs stage, primary health-care centers were selected, then in the second stage, a systematic random sampling was conducted based on the number of the elderly covered by each center. level of frailty, medication use awareness, and self-care ability were evaluated by the elderly self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire was piloted with thirty respondents. The test–retest reliability score for the questionnaire was r = 0.795, P < 0.001. Data analysis of the questionnaire was conducted using generalized estimating equation model by SPSS software Version 22. Statistical significance for all analyses was set at P < 0.05.

Findings of the components showed that the mean ± standard deviation of frailty (80 ± 17) and self-care ability (87 ± 17) were higher than the mean of medication use awareness (49 ± 19). Frailty and self-care ability (β = frailty, self-care) of the elderly had a positive statistical significance with the ones with good financial status (β = 5, 10) and without chronic disease (β = 4, 5). Medication use awareness had a negative statistical significance with illiteracy (β = −9.5).

It is suggested that the medication use awareness of the elderly should be prioritized by improving integrated health-care program.

Lecture is a common teaching method, which is not considered efficient for the development of critical and intellectual acquisition in the students of clinical courses. Although in theory combined methods are known acceptable, in practice, they are not commonly applicable. The present study aimed to compare the combination of problem‑based learning (PBL), weblogs, and lectures with lecture alone to achieve an advantageous teaching method for clinical courses.

This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 63 medical students (5th year) taking obstetrics and gynecology clinical courses at Sabzevar University of medical sciences, Iran. The participants were selected via census sampling. Based on the Student’s number and using the random number table, the students were randomly assigned to two groups of interventions. The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to participate and absence for more than two sessions. Initially, the similarity of obstetrics and gynecology knowledge in both groups was confirmed based on a pretest (P > 0.05). A conventional lecture was performed for both groups. In the intervention group (B), the researcher asked each student (32 persons) to provide a case/problem from mentioned subjects outside the class concerning the given lecture and upload it to the lecturer’s weblog to show commonalty. In the next session, the presented cases were initially discussed, and another lecture was carried out. Finally, two methods were compared through identical theoretical and practical exams and scored based on a Likert scale using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS 19 using t‑test and Chi‑square at the significance level of P < 0.05.

Group B achieved higher grades in the scientific exams (P < 0.001), especially in the domains of perception, learning and memorizing of subjects, motivation, and communication with the classmates and tutor (P = 010). Therefore, satisfaction was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (P = 0.001).

The training of pensive, creative, and active experts for the future of medicine requires the combination of new collaborative methods with lectures, which are undoubtedly effective learning techniques. According to the results, PBL and weblogs could be invaluable for the improvement of students’ knowledge, as well as the relations between tutors and students.

Although the work environment of oncology nurses is highly complex and challenging, their occupational health needs are scarcely studied. This study aimed to explore the occupational health needs of oncology nurses.

This qualitative descriptive study was conducted in 2018–2019. The participants consisted of 52 oncology nurses and 11 other key informants. They were chosen from eight cancer treatment centers in different cities of Iran. Data were collected through semi‑structured individual interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis.

The occupational health needs of oncology nurses were grouped into three main categories included needs for self‑care, development of professional competency, and a safe and healthy work environment.

The work environment of oncology nurses needs to be optimized in terms of physical, psychological, organizational, and sociocultural conditions. Furthermore, the necessary measures should be taken to encourage oncology nurses to implement self‑care, thus creating the preparedness to face the challenges of the workplace by developing their professional competencies.

Given the relationship between positivity interventions and psychological problems, this study aimed to investigate the effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life of hemodialysis patients.

This is a quasi-experimental and interventional study conducted on 70 hemodialysis patients referred to Fasa hemodialysis centers, Iran, between April 2019 and October 2019. Patients were selected using a simple sampling method and randomly divided into control (n = 35) and intervention (n = 35) groups. The intervention group was trained on positive thinking skills in eight sessions of a workshop. Before and after the intervention, stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in both the groups were measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 and Short Form-36 Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Chi-square tests.

There was no significant difference in the mean scores of stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in the two groups before the intervention.(P > 0.05), and in the control group, there was no statistically significant difference before and after the intervention (P = 0.092, P = 0.228, 0.280, respectively). In the intervention group, the mean score of stress and anxiety decreased from 23.65 ± 4.12 to 16.68 ± 4.41 (P < 0.001) and from 17.77 ± 5.15 to 14.57 ± 4.18 (P = 0.002), respectively, and that of the patients’ quality of life also increased from 35.19 ± 10.07 to 55.98 ± 11.71 (P < 0.001). However, the mean score of depression did not change significantly after the intervention (P = 0.689).

According to the results of this study, the use of positive thinking intervention programs with other methods for hemodialysis patients’ care and treatment is recommended as a nonpharmacological, cost-effective, and uncomplicated method.

The best mechanisms for medical librarians to be more involved in health, especially during crisis condition, and to expand their roles are using experiences of other individuals and performing new activities. This study aimed to identify the roles of medical librarians in the COVID‑19 crisis in Iran.

This research was done by a qualitative content analysis method. Research participants in the first phase included whole scientific papers (19 documents) which had been published by medical librarians related to the COVID‑19 issue and in the second phase 10 medical librarians involved in the COVID‑19 who were interviewed and continued until data saturation. Data were collected through each interview, and data analysis was performed using content analysis method. Then, obtained information of the first and second phases was merged together, and codes, subcategories as well as main categories were formed.

According to the results, 7 main categories and 24 subcategories regarding the roles of librarians in COVID‑19 crisis were identified. The main categories include hygiene services promotion, development of health information‑seeking skills, health research services, interaction‑level development, evidence‑based policy development, information dissemination services promotion, and management services development. Furthermore, regarding barriers to the role of medical librarians in the COVID‑19 crisis in Iran, four subcategories were identified that are medical librarian‑related barriers, organization‑related barriers, profession‑related barriers, and context of society (country conditions)‑related barriers.

Medical librarians relatively have been able to provide effective health information services to managers, health‑care specialists, and the general public in a variety of health fields

Medication errors (MEs) are a critical worldwide concern and can cause genuine clinical ramifications for patients. Studies concerning such errors have not been undertaken as much in the Middle Eastern region. The aim of this study was to systematically review and identify studies done in the Middle Eastern nations to recognize the principle contributory factors included and to estimate the prevalence in the region. A review of the retrospective, prospective, cohort, and case–control studies based on MEs in the Middle Eastern nations was directed in January 2020 utilizing the accompanying databases: Embase, Medline, PubMed, Ebsco, Cochrane, Scopus, and Prospero. The search methodology incorporated all ages and in English only dating back to 2010. The search methodology included articles about MEs in the Middle East with errors in people of all ages, articles in English, and articles dating back to 2010. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses appraisal instrument was used to assess the quality of the included articles. Individual data extraction, pooled analysis, and the accompanying databases were used for data analysis of the MEs in eligible studies. Fifteen of the 18 articles reviewed from four Middle Eastern countries had low risk of bias, while three out of 18 had medium risk of bias. A total of 58,221 reported people were studied, with a total of 34,730.9 reported MEs. The pooled analysis showed that numbers of errors were mainly prescribing errors (n = 22,715.25), general prescription errors (n = 8097.16), and commission errors (n = 158.2). Iran had the highest rate amid the reported administration errors, at 25.07% (599.11/2388.9). Measuring a patient’s clinical laboratory values was another less common type of prescription ME. Lebanon reported to have the highest monitoring errors, with a rate of 13.13% (277.91/2117). A negative trend was shown in the amount of MEs in the vast majority of the nations under the examination. The under-reporting or uncertain information recommended that significan changes are needed in the healthcare sector. There is solid need of literature on healthcare services in the region to completely understand and address the MEs and issues.

With the Philippines emerging as the hotspot in the Western Pacific Region for the COVID‑19 cases, the study aimed to understand the COVID‑19 preventive behavior of Filipinos using the health belief model (HBM).

The cross‑sectional study included 304 respondents recruited for the whole month of July 2020 through various social media platforms. Participants were requested to answer an online questionnaire, and results were analyzed using SPSS software.

The majority of respondents were female (71.1%), with an average age of 29, college graduate (57.6%), and living in an area where modified general community quarantine is implemented (63.2%). Good preventive behavior was noted among the participants, and not shaking of hands with others and refraining from touching of surfaces were reported as the most practiced behavior. Spearman’s correlation and Pearson’s Chi‑square showed that age and sex are significant predictors for the HBM constructs and preventive behavior. Furthermore, results showed that cues to action, self‑efficacy, and perceived barrier have a significant association with COVID‑19 preventive behavior.

Findings prove that HBM is useful in understanding preventive behaviors in times of coronavirus pandemic. Strategies that promote a supportive environment and help overcome the perceived barriers can guide Filipinos to adopt the desired health behavior. Interventions to promote preventive behaviors should be focused on males and younger individuals.

Incivility has been raised as a growing concern and a hot topic in nursing education. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a context‑based educational intervention on the nursing students’ civility index and their perception of uncivil behaviors.

This quasi‑experimental study was done from 2019 to 2020 in Khorramabad, Iran. A context‑based educational intervention focusing on problem‑based scenarios was conducted for 4 weeks. Clark Civility Index for Students and Classmates (2017) and Clark Incivility Scale in the University Environment (2014) were used. Data were analyzed using Stata, descriptive statistics, and paired t‑test.

There was a significant difference between the mean score of students’ civility index before and after the intervention (8.31 points increase, P = 0.004). However, there was no significant difference between the mean score of the civility index for classmates before and after the intervention. Furthermore, the mean score of students’ perception of incivility after the intervention increased by 5.88 points, which confirmed the significant effect of the intervention in improving students’ understanding of uncivil behaviors (P = 0.018).

Considering the effectiveness of the problem‑based scenario along with other strategies such as journal club and self‑learning in increasing the awareness of civility and improving the civility index, the use of these strategies is recommended in order to reduce incivility.

Postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is a factor that causes permanent obesity and subsequent chronic and noncommunicable diseases. The relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR has been studied in some articles, but there is no definitive conclusion in this regard. The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the relationship between depression/stress/ anxiety and PPWR. An extensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran, Irandoc databases using Medical Subject Headings terms (or their Persian synonyms) from 2000 to 2020. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for articles selection. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Out of 371 reviewed articles, 24 articles were selected. The total sample size was 51,613 (range: 49–37,127). The mean of PPWR ranged from 0.5 kg (standard deviation [SD] = 6.49) to 6.4 kg (SD = 8.5). There was a statistically significant relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR in 12 of 23, 4 of 6, and 3 of 8 studies. This review demonstrates the relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR. Time of depression/stress/anxiety assessment is an important issue, as well as different measurement tools. Prevention of the mothers’ psychological problems through educational and supportive programs may help to limit PPWR

Medical education has special features due to the need various areas of learning. The present study was conducted to provide a complete picture of the evaluation system in Iran University of Medical Sciences for improving the evaluation system and medical sciences examinations.

The research was cross‑sectional study that conducted through self‑reporting of educational departments, a comprehensive review of the student evaluation system in the affiliated faculties of Iran University of Medical Sciences from 2017 to 2018. Educational members and heads of nine faculties and 80 departments participated in this study. The research tool was a researcher‑made questionnaire, include two parts: (1) 10 general questions about the activities of the educational groups regarding the student evaluation system and (2) 20 questions about the types and quality of examinations.

From 80 questionnaires, 71 were completed by the managers of the departments. The results showed that 62% of the faculty members in the educational departments in the last 2 years did not participate in the workshop on the methods of evaluation and making tests. 56% of the faculties have a reference for continuous monitoring of students’ assessment and evaluation, and in 87% of the cases, the content is given in accordance with the objectives. The use of logbooks was more common (28%) than other methods to assess practical skills.

Empower faculty members on the use of various tools, strengthening the supervision of formative evaluation and use of medical education graduates to promote evaluation methods seems necessary

In the wake of the novel coronavirus pandemic, the closure of educational institutions has imposed a situation of potential gap in learning. Since training of medical and paramedical students is vital in creation of our army of these frontline health‑care workers, this study was aimed at comparing the asynchronous and synchronous methods of online teaching for imparting training to students of medical laboratory technology (MLT).

This cross‑sectional study included 33 students of the 1st‑year batch of MLT course at a tertiary level hospital. Ten lectures each from the subject of biomedical statistics were delivered through asynchronous (lecture shared on WhatsApp group) and synchronous (online live lecture) methods followed by a brief examination for each topic. A short survey was designed to assess the students’ perception of clarity of concepts, confidence of solving the examination, and their preference for one of these methods. Appropriate statistical tests were applied to the data.

Synchronous method of online teaching was preferred by majority of the students (P < 0.001). Students’ clarity in understanding of the concepts (P < 0.001) and confidence of the ability to solve examination questions (P < 0.05) was higher after synchronous teaching. The examination scores after synchronous online teaching were significantly higher (P = 0.0156) than those for topics covered through asynchronous method.

Online teaching, especially the synchronous method, offers an opportunity of continuum of training during crisis situations such as the ongoing novel coronavirus pandemic. The wide availability of internet services and the ever‑changing global situation mandates readiness for this modality of teaching, both for the teachers and the students.

Urinary tract infection is a common infection in women during pregnancy, leading to many complications for both mother and fetus if untreated. The present study aimed to investigate the predictability of constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in adopting urinary tract infection prevention behaviors in pregnant women.

In the present cross‑sectional study, we selected 100 pregnant women who visited the comprehensive health service centers of Zarrinshahr using convenience sampling from July to September 2019. We collected data by a questionnaire designed based on the constructs of the TPB and analyzed data using SPSS 20 and linear regression test and Pearson correlation coefficient. A significant level was considered as α < 0.05.

In the study, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed direct relationships between the score of behavior and the scores of knowledge (P = 0.005), attitude (P = 0.02), perceived behavioral control (P < 0.001), and behavioral intention (P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis indicated that among the above variables, the perceived behavioral control, knowledge, and behavioral intention were significant predictors of scores of urinary tract infection prevention behaviors, respectively, in terms of their importance.

In this study, perceived behavioral control is detected as the main predictor of doing urinary tract infection prevention behaviors in pregnant women and should be considered in designing educational interventions.

Pharmacies are a major component of health systems and a major part of health service provision. This study aimed at identifying and introducing the potentials of pharmacies in health promotion. This was a systematic review that searched PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from February 1990 to September 2018 for related materials. The main search keywords were (pharmacy services), (community pharmacy services), (retail pharmacy services), (pharmacy practice intervention). Inclusion was limited to those papers that discussed the health‑promoting services provided in the pharmacies. The quality of included papers was assessed by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklists. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses chart was followed in all stages of the study. Of the 4156 papers retrieved, 18 met the inclusion criteria and included in the analysis. Study findings were categorized into three main categories: Health and prevention services, services related to treatments, and the awareness about the pharmacies’ functions. The health and prevention category consisted of education, vaccination, screening and prevention of diseases, family planning, blood pressure monitoring, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and weight management. The treatment‑related services consisted of adherence to medication, medication consultation, minor pains, and emergency medical services. Pharmacies can provide a wide variety of services besides the medications. Purposeful development of the services provided in the pharmacies and involving them in an extended array of services may accelerate the health promotion activities of the health system and result in improved quality of life and decreased costs. To do so, the legal, educational‑skill, and pricing challenges should be resolved.

Increasing community awareness about the transmission and treatment of COVID‑19 will stop the spread of the virus. Pharmacy students are the potential facilitator to give community education about COVID‑19 treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pharmacy students’ knowledge of COVID‑19 treatment, behavior, and attitude of providing the information about COVID‑19 treatment.

We conducted cross‑sectional study, recruiting 429 pharmacy students from three schools of pharmacy in Indonesia. The questionnaire about the knowledge of COVID‑19 treatment, behavior, and attitude of providing the information on COVID‑19 treatment met the validity and reliability criteria. We defined the proportion of knowledge, behavior, and attitude of the students using SPSS® version 22.

Most of the students are in the earlier years (46.63%), female (84.15%), find the information about COVID‑19 from many sources of media (85.08%) including scientific articles and know information about COVID‑19 transmission around their life area (76.46%). The students’ knowledge about antiviral and plasma convalescent is good (>70%), the positive behaviors are related to the COVID‑19 treatment information regarding to the antiviral and the provision of Vitamin C (>50%), and the positive attitude are related to giving information about the use of avigan®, plasma convalescent, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and immunomodulator (>50%).

As a future pharmacist, the knowledge of pharmacy students about COVID‑19 treatment needs to be improved since earlier years. Furthermore, using the good knowledge about COVID‑19 treatment, the positive behavior and attitude of providing information of the students, the community behavior and attitude will be improved. The high year students have a tendency for the good knowledge and positive behavior and attitude of providing the information.

Adopting healthy behaviors can lead to better outcomes which can deeply impact cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) development; consequently, tailoring appropriate theory‑based interventions may improve various outcomes among patients at CV risks. This study aimed to assess published researches on the application of health education and promotion of intrapersonal and interpersonal theories/models’ interventions on patients with CVD.

In this systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and SID, Magiran databases for English and Persian studies were searched using relevant keywords, respectively. We searched for interventional studies published with no time limits until the end of 2020 assessing the application of health education and promotion theories/models interventions on adult patients with CVDs. Two reviewers individually reviewed abstracts/full‑text articles to assess inclusion according to predefined criteria. In case of discrepancy between the two researchers, a third expert was requested to assess papers, and final selection decision was made based on the agreement among the three evaluators. This systematic review was conducted using the following data extraction steps and assessing the quality of the studies and results.

From 60 articles, 35 studies met inclusion criteria. Most interventions improved at least some educational including models constructs (20%), clinical (14.2%), and practical (88.5%) outcome related to CVDs. It is noted that attention to educational, practical, and clinical outcomes was focused in published papers, respectively. Furthermore, based on the study categorization using models, some CVDs and theories/models were more concerned compared to others.

Health education and promotion theory‑based interventions on patients with CVD appeared beneficial in the most published paper.

This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examination to observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks as one of their favorite school bags during their school studies. This study inspects how knapsacks gradually bring changes as injuries in the bodies of school‑going adolescents. There are ample studies in the past literature, which evidence the injuries of backpack among adolescents, such as backache, neck pain, and shoulder pain. The principal objective of this study is to determine the effects of backpacks on musculoskeletal injuries among school‑going adolescents based on previous studies support in this research field.

This review study selected observational studies from the past literature indexed in the databases of Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL during 1999– 2020. This review focused on the keywords of “Backpack,” “Musculoskeletal Injuries,” and “Adolescent” from MESH and selected 14 out of 210 articles based on the research objective. According to the Crombie Checklist, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and investigating the quality of the report, this review focused on literature evidence to the field under investigation.

Based on the chosen 14 articles, the findings of the present review indicated two outcomes by considering the impact of the backpack on musculoskeletal injuries and pains among adolescents. The results of the review studies specified that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and pain using a backpack among most of the male and female adolescents. The findings also stipulate that injuries and pain intensity among female adolescents were higher than the male students.

The results of this review study specified that improper use of the backpack, which exceeded the standard weight, caused chorionic pain and injuries between both genders of adolescents. The generalizability of the results is suitable for this review study.

The phenomenon of Internet addiction has increased due to the delay between Internet technology and the culture of using it. According to the high prevalence of Internet addiction among students and its associated complications, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of education based on the health belief model on Internet addiction status among students in Tehran, Iran.

In this interventional study, two dormitories were divided into two groups of control and intervention in a completely random manner using the random cluster sampling method from a total of eight dormitories. Then 134 girls in each group answer two questionnaires of Young (about Internet addiction) and health belief model‑based scale. After the need assessments of the primary results, intervention was performed in the experimental group in a way that a textbook based on the health belief model and ten educational text messages were sent to the students’ E‑mail. Two months later, questionnaires were again given to both groups. The results were analyzed with the help of independent t‑test, Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression with repetitive measures with GEE approach.

The average scores of knowledge (P < 0.001), perceived susceptibility (P < 0.001), perceived severity (P = 0.006), perceived barriers (P < 0.001), and self‑efficacy (P = 0.002) between the two groups, had a significant difference after the intervention. The average scores of perceived benefits (P = 0.6), Internet addiction behavior (P = 0.11), and the frequency of Internet addiction (P = 0.63) after intervention did not have a significant difference in the two groups.

The results of this study show the effectiveness of educational intervention design based on the structures of health belief model on reducing the frequency of Internet addiction and adopting preventive behaviors.

Informal settlements are considered as one of the social problems in societies. As the residents do not have adequate access to basic services, including health services, their health is at risk. This study was conducted to evaluate the access to health services and determine the health needs of informal settlements in Bam city.

This cross‑sectional study was carried out in the spring of 2020 in Bam. The sample size was 400 residents of informal settlements in Bam, and the multi‑stage random cluster sampling was used. A researcher‑made questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the content validity, and its reliability was 85% by Cronbach’s alpha. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23 software and descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage) as well as analytical statistics (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests).

More than 50% of the individuals had good access to general practitioners and health centers. However, over 50% had poor access to dental, para‑clinical, specialist, and hospital services. Furthermore, 49.3% of the people assessed their health status as poor in the previous year. A total of 46 items in the areas of communicable and non‑communicable diseases, women’s health, mental and social health and addiction, environmental health, etc., were identified as the most important health needs of the informal settlement residents.

Informal settlements are facing various health problems including environmental health, mental and social health, and addiction, meeting which requires collaboration of all stakeholders as well as provision of a comprehensive program and appropriate service packages.

The ultimate goal in educating medical students is to train skilled workforce who by obtaining the required knowledge of the discipline, personal and professional skills, and attitudes to enter the national health‑care system. This study was conducted with the goal of designing a comprehensive clinical competency test of operating room technology student using the Delphi technique, and then, the clinical skills of the operating room technology students of the paramedical school were assessed using the CIPP evaluation model.

The present study was conducted in the University of Medical Sciences to evaluate clinical skills with Delphi technique and CIPP evaluation model. This was a mixed methods study. Purposive sampling method was employed in the qualitative stage, and a census was conducted in the quantitative part. A comprehensive clinical competency test was designed in this research using the Delphi technique and was conducted with 18 students. Then, clinical skills evaluation was performed by descriptive‑analytical statistical tests and evaluator’s observation using the CIPP model.

The comprehensive clinical competencies test of the surgical technology students was designed in four sections: content, evaluation method, test conditions, and the criteria for passing the comprehensive test. The results in the implementation stage showed that the operating room technology students had a range of excellent to weak performances in exhibiting basic skills at different levels.

The results of the present study showed that the comprehensive test, designed based on the Delphi technique of experts, and using the CIPP model can be a good criterion for the evaluation of the operating room technology students before entering the clerkship.

Among the COVID crisis, medical education is forced to shift to the virtual mode, for which neither the students nor the teachers are prepared. Currently, we replaced traditional classroom teaching (CT) by live online classes (LOC), power‑point presentations with voiceovers (UPV), or only power point presentations (UP). Uncertainty of this situation necessitates analysis of the experiences of its stakeholders to improve the implemented online teaching methodologies in coming time. The present study aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of online teaching methodologies among themselves and against traditional CT.

A cross‑sectional, survey based, observational study was conducted on 250 MBBS first year students after 1 month of implementation of online teaching program. Responses were collected on Likert scaling from 1 to 5, and data were analyzed using the Kruskal– Wallis H‑test, ANOVA with multiple comparisons post hoc Turkey test, and an independent t‑test.

The students perceived that the understanding, convenience for attending class, notes‑taking, visibility, audibility, raising queries and overall experience was best in traditional setup. The understanding of the topic and overall experience of the students was not affected by gender. Internet connectivity problem popped up as the major issue that adversely affected the online teaching experience.

Majority of students perceived that the traditional CT is best, but at the same time, they felt that a combination of live online classes and power point presentations with voice over can replace the traditional online classes.

Given the expanding range of health influencing factors, increasing expectations from the health systems, and general challenges such as insufficient resources, the health services needed by people cannot be provided completely by the governments alone. Therefore, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)‑government collaboration is considered a common approach in health‑care provision for different communities. Since the NGO‑government collaboration is complicated and usually influenced by many challenges and issues, the present study was conducted to identify collaboration challenges between the government and NGOs in providing health‑care services.

Using a systematic review method and searching in ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase databases, using related keyword/terms, between March 2020 and June 2020, studies on NGO‑government collaboration in the health area were collected without time limitation. After completing the article selection process, those articles that consistent with the research purpose were chosen for the final analysis.

From 4236 initially collected studies, 16 studies were chosen for the final analysis. Based on the content analysis of the selected articles, 70 challenges were identified in the NGO‑government collaboration to provide health‑care services. These challenges were divided into five main themes: structural issues, process issues, issues related to roles and responsibilities, trust and communications issues, and control and power relation issues and 11 subthemes.

The present study provides significant challenges by NGO‑government collaboration in providing health‑care services. Awareness of these challenges plays an important role in promoting such collaborations and enables these organizations to highly exploit the strengths of each other, resulting in a collaboration with win–win situation.