Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:11 Issue: 9, Oct 2021

Demanding careers like medicine requires a lot of motivation and the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) developed by Vallerand et al. (1992) is an instrument to measure motivation. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of AMS among medical students in the Middle East.

This was a methodological research utilizing a convenient sampling technique. AMS scale comprising 28 items subdivided into seven subscales was administered to 900 students (281 students returned the filled AMS). Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, one‑way ANOVA, and t‑tests. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the scale, respectively.

There was a statistically significant difference between both genders in overall scores (P = 0.015*), two subscales, namely “Identified Regulation” (P =0.017*) and “Stimulating Experience” (P = 0.015*), with females showing higher value. Second‑year students (n = 91) had significantly higher score (10.9 ± 4.1) for “Amotivation” (P =.001*) and first‑year students (n = 48) had significantly higher score (16.2 ± 3.0) for “Achievement” subscale (P =.014*). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant with 95% confidence interval. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups based on nationality or age. Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (Chi‑square: 2988.010; df = 278; P < 0.001). Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin was 0.890. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation extracted seven factors corresponding to the original items of AMS questionnaire. All subscales correlated positively except “amotivation.” Structural equation modeling revealed the relation between observed and unobserved variables.

This study demonstrated that AMS is valid and reliable for application among Middle East medical students, without needing any modification. AMS has widespread application in medical education as it impacts learning outcomes.

This study demonstrated that AMS is valid and reliable for application among the Middle East students without needing any modification.

Iran is disaster‑prone country in the world. Lack of awareness and failure to have a proper response to natural disasters cause heavy damages to nations and national assets. Risk management is essential to prevent, intervene, and fight disasters as it can attenuate the destructive effects. The present study reviews studies on health in disasters in Iranian schools with an emphasis on readiness to deal with crises. The study was carried out through a systematic search using keywords in Persian and English in Iranian and international databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Web of Sciences, PubMed, and Scopus. The time range of the search included all articles published before September 2020. The reference lists were also checked to find more articles. Totally, 575 articles were found and full‑text of 32 articles were examined. After omitting repetitious items, the articles were checked by two independent researchers in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria so that 15 articles entered the final analysis phases. The target population consisted of students, teachers, managers, and experts of disaster resilience. The articles were mostly focused on earthquake, fire, and structural safety. Implementation of health school models through improving awareness and crisis management knowledge in school officials plays a key role in improving and preserving health in school environment and safety of students. Measures like paying more attention to safety of building and physical space of schools, adding crisis management skills to curriculum as practical educations, informing parents about such risk, and educating students about safety and prevention of risks are recommended.

With so much content on social media platforms about COVID‑19, determining which information is reliable can be a daunting task. Hence, this study is aimed to analyze various posts with regard to COVID‑19 on various social media platforms for their reliability and also examined various factors that influence information reliability.

A cross‑sectional study was conducted, with 934 samples related to coronavirus pandemic published on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook using systematic random sampling. We adopted the criteria given by Paul Bradshaw and modified to assess the characteristics of the samples. Training and calibration of the investigators were carried out for 3 consecutive days before beginning the study. The data were analyzed using the Chi‑square test and multinomial logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios.

Out of 934 samples studied, only 570 (61%) were found to be reliable of which 243 (42.6%) were from Twitter, 117 (20.6%) from Instagram, and 210 (36.8%) from Facebook. We found that the reliability of the information on social media platforms is significantly influenced by network (odds: 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–1.52; P = 0.036), content (odds: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.69–1.92; P = 0.009), contextual update (odds: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.24–1.53) and age of the account (odds: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.64–2.09; P = 0.002).

Our study shows that the reliability of the social media posts significantly depends on the network, contextual update, and age of the account. Hence, cross verifying the information from a reliable source is the need of the hour to prevent panic and mental distress.

Self‑regulated learning (SRL) is a critical skill for medical students to reach their learning goals in the bedside clinical rotations. This study was performed with the aim of comparing SRL and motivation of 4th year medical students who are in their educational transition between students with mentors and those without mentors.

This study was cross‑sectional. A total of 196 medical students were invited to complete a form consisting the motivation and SRL questionnaire through Google form during their 1st year of clinical clerkship, while some of them had participated in the mentoring program beforehand. data correlation and regression analysis were employed.

Comparing SRL and motivational beliefs scores between students with mentors and without mentors indicated that motivational beliefs mean score in students with mentors (87.5 ± 8.44) was significantly higher compared to the others (83.49 ± 7.36) (P = 0.005). Among SRL subscales, planning and examination stress were significantly different between two groups with higher scores for mentees (P = 0.033 and 0.021). Having a mentor predicted motivational beliefs with OR = 7.974 (1.391–45.719) and P = 0.020.

Considering a significant correlation between mentor possession and the scale of motivation beliefs, future longitudinal and interventional research besides the customized mentoring program is required to understand the role of mentoring programs on SRL as a cause‑and‑effect relationship to recommend the peer mentoring program to enhance SRL skills in the medical students especially during their transition to the new clinical environment.

The COVID‑19 epidemic is a global health crisis that, in addition to physical health, has affected the mental health of all individuals, especially health‑care workers, including nurses and family members. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID‑19 epidemic on mental health of nurses’ family members.

The present descriptive‑analytic and cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2020 year on family members of nurses working in Hajar Hospital for admission and hospitalization of patients with COVID‑19, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination. To prevent the spread of COVID‑19 through respiratory or contact droplets, a blog was designed to collect data using software. Participation in this study was voluntary. Data collection tools included consent, demographic questionnaire, and mental health questionnaire (Patient Health Questionnaire‑9). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22.

Findings of this study showed that out of 208 family members of nurses participating in this study, 96 were male and 112 were female and their mean age was 35.78 years, and 55.3% of the participants had university education. Their mean mental health score was 12.91 ± 3.75, so that 22.6% of people had mild depression, 71.4% of people had moderate depression, and 1.8% of people had severe depression. Independent t‑test showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between mental health and gender and marital status (P < 0.001). Furthermore, one‑way analysis of variance test showed that there is a significant relationship between mental health and age (P < 0.001); this test also showed that there is no relationship between education and mental health (P = 0.75).

The results indicate that the mental health of nurses’ family members is affected by the challenges of COVID‑19 epidemic time, so that many of them suffer from some degree of depression. Therefore, supporting this population requires urgent action.

Human brucellosis can be a source of problems that affect public health, social, and economic well‑being of the world’s population. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of Educational Intervention (EI) based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventive behaviors against brucellosis in Health Volunteers (HVs) in Rafsanjan.

Randomly, 104 HVs, in the intervention and control group, participated in a quasi‑randomized, controlled experimental study. Variables were evaluated before and 1 month after intervention. In the intervention group, the educational program was conducted with lecture, group discussion, showing movies and related photos, booklets, and pamphlets. The program included five 45‑min sessions that developed regarding the beliefs and constructs of HBM about brucellosis and its prevention methods. Data regarding HBM constructs and preventive behavior were collected using the questionnaire with 100 items by the self‑report method. Finally, the data were entered into the SPSS software version 16.0, and statistical tests such as Chi‑square, independent and paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon test were used for the data analysis at the significant level of 0.05.

Prior to the intervention, the mean score of the HBM constructs and preventive behaviors between the two groups did not differ significantly, but 1 month later, in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

We recommend to health authorities and health‑care providers to use HBM in EIs to create susceptibility, increase perceived severity and benefits, promote self‑efficacy, uses cue to action, as well as reduce behavioral barriers, and ultimately adopt health‑promoting behaviors.

Terminally, illnesses such as cancer, AIDS, dementia, and advanced heart disease will require special supportive and palliative care, although a few numbers of these patients are provided with these services.The aim of the present study was to perform a comparative study of supportive‑palliative care provision in selected countries.

This research was a descriptive comparative study that its research population was the frameworks of palliative and supportive care provision in Egypt, Turkey, America, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and China. These frameworks were compared across six dimensions of service receivers, financing, providers, service provider centers, type of services provided, and training. Data collection tool has included the checklist and information sources, documents, evidence, articles, books, and journals collected through the Internet and organizations related to the health information of selected countries and by the library search. Data were investigated and analyzed using the data collection tool and checklists.

The findings showed that the developed countries having decentralized trusteeship structure had a more favorable status in palliative and supportive care provision. The type of services provided was a combination of mental, psychological, social, spiritual, financial, and physical and communication services. Provider centers included hospital, the elderly, and cancer and charity centers.

Regarding the investigation and recognition of the status of supportive‑palliative care provision, it was observed that the provision of these services was a concern of the selected countries, but they did not have a defined model or pattern to provide these services. Therefore, it is suggested that each country takes a step to redesign and define frameworks and structures in the evolution of supportive‑palliative cares in accordance with the particular conditions, indigenous culture, religion, and other effective cases of that country and pays special attention to the role and position of supportive‑palliative cares.

In the daily lives of people, the level of anxiety plays a significant role. This applies to students, who experience anxiety when taking examinations referred to as examination anxiety. Majority of the current educational institutions have shifted from a traditional evaluation system to one that is computerized. The present study aim is to identify the computerized examination anxiety (CEA) among college students in the Faculty of Health and to compare the differences among them based on study system and gender.

The research is a descriptive quantitative design. The research population consists of 138 health college students. CEA scale was used to identify the level of examination anxiety among students. Data were then exposed to analysis, namely the descriptive statistics, independent sample t‑test, and Chi‑square tests, to obtain the answers to the research questions at the level of <0.05.

Based on the findings, the CEA experienced by the health students was of moderate level. The findings also showed insignificant differences between students’ levels of anxiety based on gender and study system at <0.05 value.

The study contributed to literature by adding a study related to CEA during COVID‑19. The study enumerated implications and recommendations based on the findings.

Case‑based learning (CBL) is an established bidirectional active learning approach where students learn concepts by solving cases or problems under the guidance of a facilitator. In the present study, the awareness and acceptance level of faculties to implement this method of teaching were assessed by behavioral analysis.

This cross‑sectional study was done through two workshops organized at NDRI Karnal on December 16 and 17, 2019, and BHU Varanasi on March 1, 2020. Fifty‑four faculties from different applied sciences participated. The participants were given an insight into this teaching tool through didactic lecture and hands‑on training session about implementation of this method. Pre and post‑ session responses were compared through a set of questionnaires and the behavioral change was analyzed by using SPSS version 22. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Only 31.5% faculties were aware of the active learning methods though 83% agreed that active learning is better than conventional teaching. 96% agreed that CBL is a better way to develop concepts and nearly 81% agreed that more learning could be done with lesser efforts. The clinical decision‑making improve significantly. Pre and post‑session mean scores of effectiveness of CBL as a teaching tool were 2.44 ± 0.63 and 2.72 ± 0.53, respectively.

CBL originally is a mode of imparting knowledge in a student‑centric bimodal learning. Acceptance to the mode is increasing among faculties despite of many deterrents.

The main reason of newborn mortalities in low‑ and middle‑income countries is due to the lack of skilled caregivers in providing essential care for babies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the implementation of helping babies survive (HBS) program to improve newborn care condition in Isfahan, Iran.

This quasi‑experimental study was conducted in the labor and midwifery wards of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan. Convenience sampling method was used for all healthy newborns who weighed >1500 g. First, the samples were selected for the control group. Then, the Helping Babies Breathe and Essential Care for Every Baby training courses were held over for ward nurses and midwives. Then, the samples of the intervention group were selected. The research tools consisted of demographic characteristic questionnaire, caregiver performance evaluation checklist, and breastfeeding registration checklist. SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis.

A total of 130 newborns were divided into control (n = 65) and intervention groups (n = 65). The average time of umbilical cord clamping increased from 13.85 to 61.48 s, and the average duration of skin‑to‑skin contact between mother and baby increased from 11.75 to 60.47 min. The mean of early initiation of breastfeeding improved during the 1st h and the 1st day of the birth. The rate of neonatal hypothermia in the intervention group decreased sharply.

The implementation of the HBS program can positively impact newborn care condition.

Efficient pain management by nursing staff initially needs accurate knowledge and proper attitude in this field. The aim of present study was to compare the effects of lecture and electronic education on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nursing staff regarding pain management.

The present superiority randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms was conducted on 78 occupied nurses of surgery wards of X. The participants were recruited randomly and divided into two groups of lecture and electronic education through random blocking (4 and 6 blocks). For allocation concealment, coded nontransparent pockets numbered 1–78 containing the type of intervention were used. Educational material was presented using teacher‑centered method in lecture group, as well as through multimedia program using FLASH software in e‑learning group through 1‑h sessions for 4 weeks. Data on nurses were collected before and 4 weeks after the training using demographic questionnaire, Pain Management Principles Assessment Tool, Nurses’ Attitude Survey, and nursing practice checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) utilizing descriptive and analytic statistical test such as Chi‑square, Fisher, independent t‑test, and ANCOVA. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Mean ± standard deviation of nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding pain management had significant increase in both groups post‑training (P < 0.001). According to ANCOVA the mean postintervention knowledge score in e‑learning group by controlling baseline score had significant increase compared to the lecture group (adjusted mean difference [aMD] = 1.8: 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5–2.1, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean of total scores of post‑intervention attitude and practice in e‑learning group adjusted for baseline score significantly increased compared to lecture group (aMD = 1.8: 95% CI = 1.5–2.1, P < 0.001) and (aMD = 3.2: 95% CI = 2.7–3.6, P < 0.001).

Electronic education was more efficient than lecture education in increasing of knowledge, attitude, and practice on pain management among nursing staff.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a life‑threatening condition that causes physical and psychological disorders and decreases patients’ quality of life (QoL). Performing proper educational self‑care program may lead to higher QoL in these patients. This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of a self‑care educational program on QoL in patients with CAD.

This semi‑experimental study was performed on 60 patients with CAD referred to the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) center of Vali Asr hospital in Qom, Iran, in 2018–2019. Patients were divided into control and intervention groups by randomized sampling. The self‑care educational program was provided through lectures and booklet. Data collection was done using the “demographic and clinical data questionnaire,” and “Seattle Angina questionnaire.” Questionnaires were completed in both groups, before and at least 1 month after education. Analysis of the obtained data was performed using SPSS software (version 25), central indexes, Mann–Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test.

No significant differences were observed between the two groups for demographics characteristics and quality of life before the intervention. Before the self‑care program, the mean score of the QoL in the intervention and control group were 56.14 ± 9.75 and 58.46 ± 11.71, respectively. After that, the mean score of the QoL in the intervention and control group were 59.25 ± 10.56 and 59.7 ± 13.33, respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the mean scores of QoL in the intervention group before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were seen in the control group before and after the study (P > 0.05).

The self‑care educational program improved the QoL in patients with CAD. Therefore, lectures and educational booklets should be considered by CR nurses.

Colorectal cancer is the third leading to death type of cancer in the world. The therapeutic guideline varied between different methods. As the main therapeutic guideline is chemotherapy, recent studies had shown utilization of natural products in combination with conventional medication, elevate the efficiency of chemotherapeutic methods. Kombucha is a traditional beverage obtained from the fermentation of green tea as a rich source of flavonoid medicinal plant. This study aimed to evaluate the natural potential of combination therapy of this natural product with doxorubicin as a chemotherapeutic agent.

The study was performed as in vitro evaluation of biological activity of kombucha on HCT‑116 cell line (human colon cancer cell line). The cytotoxic effect of different kombucha beverages (fermented green tea) in comparison with green tea extract was evaluated by dimethylthiazolyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In the next step, anticancer activity of doxorubicin as a general guideline chemotherapeutic agent in combination with kombucha was evaluated by cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay flow cytometry. Apoptotic genes expression pattern was determined using real‑time polymerase chain reaction. The experiments were designed in three independent replications and statistically analyzed using SPSS software.

The results show that kombucha compared with the green tea extract caused more (1.2 fold) early apoptosis induction and G0/G1 phase arrest. Moreover, kombucha increased the expression levels of p21, p53, and B‑cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein genes (2, 2.5, and 1.5 fold, respectively) while it decreased Bcl‑2 gene expression level (5–8 fold) compared with doxorubicin alone. Combination of kombucha with doxorubicin shows 2‑fold increased G0/G1 phase compared with the doxorubicin treatment.

This result indicated that kombucha caused boosted anticancer activity of doxorubicin agent. These findings suggest that kombucha may be has an assistor and useful role in colorectal cancer treatment align with chemotherapy.

Global burden of disease (GBD) provides the estimates of mortality and morbidity, while case fatality rate (CFR) helps in understanding the severity of the disease. People infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‑2) with underlying medical conditions have shown higher levels of unfavorable outcomes including mortality. We assessed the association of SARS‑CoV‑2 CFR with disability‑adjusted life years (DALY) of various comorbidities in the low‑middle income countries (LMIC) and high‑income countries (HIC) to study the relationship of coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19) mortality with GBDs and to understand the linkage between COVID‑19 mortality and comorbidities.

This was an ecological study with secondary data analysis comparing the DALY of various morbidities from GBD with CFR of COVID‑19. Gross domestic product was the basis of stratifying 177 countries into low‑middle income (LMIC) and high‑income groups (HIC). The mortality was analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression.

The median global CFR of SARS‑CoV‑2 was 2.15. The median CFR among LMIC (n = 60) and HIC (n = 117) was 2.01 (0.00–28.20) and 2.29 (0.00–17.26), respectively. The regression analysis found that, in both LMIC and HIC, maternal disorders were associated with higher SARS‑CoV‑2 CFR, while tuberculosis, mental health disorders, and were associated with lower CFR. Further, in LMIC, musculoskeletal disorders and nutritional deficiencies were associated with higher CFR, while respiratory disorders were associated with lower CFR.

SARS‑CoV‑2 infection appears to be a systemic disease. Individuals with comorbidities, such as maternal disorders, neurological diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, and nutritional deficiencies, have poorer outcomes with COVID‑19, leading to higher mortality.

The relationship between willingness to mobile learning (m‑learning) and educational achievement was examined in health‑care professional students.

This is a descriptive correlative study that was conducted from January 2020 to February 2020. A total of 295 students in Saveh University of Medical Sciences in Iran were selected through census method. The data were collected using the standard willingness to m‑learning questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed statistically using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and concurrent regression analysis.

The mean score of willingness to m‑learning was 165.55 ± 13.4, which is an indicative of a higher willingness level in the health‑care professional students for m‑learning. There was a positive and significant relationship between willingness for m‑learning and educational achievement (r = 0.77, P < 0.01). The predictive variable, i.e., willingness to m‑learning, predicted 53.8% of the variance of educational achievement (F = 58.801, P = 0.00). Among the variables of willingness to m‑learning, the regression coefficients of perceived ease, attitude, self‑management in learning, educational use, and efficiency of m‑learning were significant (P < 0.05). This means that these variables are direct predictors of educational achievement.

Willingness to m‑learning had a positive and significant relationship with educational achievement. Although this study was performed just before the corona outbreak, paying attention to the results of this study can be helpful for students, faculty members, and policymakers in filling the educational gap during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak.

Pain is a common health issue and acute pain is the main problem for patients after surgery and injury. Inadequate and inappropriate management of pain is dangerous and costly for patients and leads to undesirable health effects. To overcome this problem, empowerment of the health‑care team, especially nurses, is essential. Today, to improve the quality of health‑care provision, various methods are used that e‑learning is one of them.

Based on the studies on pain management, existing parameters were extracted, and according to them, the educational content of the software was approved by nursing professors and anesthesiologists. The Unified Modeling Language diagrams were designed to provide a better understanding of the entities and the order in which the software operates. The software was implemented in the google android studio environment using Photoshop and JQuery mobile. Finally, the software was evaluated by using Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction. The software was evaluated by experts and students in two stages. The first stage was evaluated by eight anesthesiologists and nursing professors, and the second stage was evaluated with the participation of 55 undergraduate students and 28 M.Sc. nursing students.

The software was developed with two main modules of training and testing, and sections of the report, about us and exit, and four scenarios for the test section. In the initial evaluation of software by experts with an average of 91.85%, and in the second assessment of students, with a mean of 78.15%, application software was evaluated at a good level.

In order to teach academic and practical (clinical) materials to students, the use of digital teaching aids and e‑learning, along with traditional methods such as lectures, increases the students’ eagerness, and motivation to learn more and thereby enhance the level of learning and improving the quality of education.

Patient‑centered care (PCC) is a cornerstone for health‑care professionals to improve the quality of care they provide to patients with cardiac disease. However, implementation of PCC programs has always accompanied with unpredictable challenges and obstacles. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine effective strategies for the implementation of PCC from the perspective of patients and healthcare providers.

The present research was a qualitative study using conventional content analysis method in one of the university hospitals of Abadan University of Medical Sciences during 2019–2020. Purposive sampling was performed until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through four focused group discussions and 24 in‑depth semi‑structured interviews with 22 health‑care providers and seven cardiac patients. Depending on the interview process and the responses of each individual, the sequencing of questions was different from one participant to another. Data analysis was performed continuously and concurrently with data collection, using a comparative method.

After data analysis, seven subcategories and three main categories were extracted. The main categories included structural, process, and outcome strategies. The category of structural strategies included subcategories of nursing care organization, application of appropriate motivational mechanisms, and expansion of team coordination. Process strategies included three subcategories, namely, promoting communication, respectful and compassionate care, and the development of holistic care. Finally, the outcome strategy consisted of the subcategory of patient empowerment.

The practical strategies for the implementation of PCC in coronary care unit revealed in this study were at structural, process, and outcome levels. Health‑care managers and administrators can avail themselves of the findings of the present study to promote the quality care for cardiac care unit patients and improve patient satisfaction.

Todays, human lifestyle has faced significant changes, and this lifestyle has caused health problems. The increase of smoking, among young people, is one of the risk factors and incorrect lifestyle factors. The present study will design an educational campaign intervention based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) on smoking preventive behaviors in students.

In designing this study, five phases are considered. (1) needs assessment and determination of the current situation are considered. In this phase, the required communication is established to form a planning team with key and influential people and experts, (2) tool design, (3) educational intervention (educational campaign) is designed. Some individuals will be selected and trained as facilitators to start entering the target population, have a better access to the target group, and implement the interventions in the target group. (4) the implementation of the educational plan, in which the designed educational intervention (educational campaign) will be implemented on the students of the studied universities. (5) the educational evaluation, which will be conducted 2 months after the intervention of the educational campaign. The posttest will be based on before and after the implementation of the educational campaign. In the prevention of the second type in smoking students, the salivary cotinine levels of smoking students will be measured and comparisons will be made before and after educational using appropriate statistical tests.

The present study addresses the needs and strategies for smoking prevention using a training campaign based on the PMT and web .

Designing a campaign which will lead to smoking preventive behaviors causes lifestyle changes, prevent health problems such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases, reduce treatment costs, and increase life expectancy.

It has been realized by senior researchers that interest in biostatistics is very poor among medical professionals. Knowledge of biostatistics plays an important role in medical research. Studies conducted about knowledge, attitude toward biostatistics by many researchers, but there were no works about factors in relation to it. Considering this gap, we tried to develop a new instrument.

Item generation and questionnaire formation were done using focus group discussion involving seven experts from different departments of medical colleges. Face validity and content validity and pilot testing were carried out step by step. In estimating reliability, internal consistency measured after collecting data from 66 study participants. Data were collected through self‑administered paper‑based questionnaire where response in each item was in five‑point Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha for reliability analysis was used.

In first stage, item generation through FGD, then face validity was assessed by senior faculties. Content validity was checked by Aiken’s V index. In initial stages, with six items, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.805. Scale mean and variance were 24.24 and 27.26. After final reliability testing, it became 0.866 with four items where scale mean and variance came to 15.85 and 16.38.

All the six items were important factors. Reliability improved when knowledge in statistics in higher secondary level and biostatistics classes in PG course were eliminated as factors. More qualitative research is needed for better understanding of this concept.

Motivation and desire are the main psychological factors associated with regular breakfast consumption among elementary students. The purpose of this study was to assess the readiness of students to regular breakfast consumption.

This research was cross‑sectional study; 300 students participated who were selected based on cluster sampling from elementary schools in different parts of Ardabil and were interviewed using a motivational questionnaire according to SOC model. The acquired data was then analyzed by ANOVA and linear regression.

Cognitive processes of change such as social liberation (β = 0.31, α = 0.001) and self‑reevaluation (β = 0.13, α = 0.04) and self‑efficacy (β = 0.44, α = 0.001) played a significant role in motivating students to move from the inactive stage to preparation stage.

By understanding the motivational factors of regular breakfast consumption, a regular program can be implemented to increase breakfast consumption and ensure the health of students and help them to grow in learning ability and abstract thinking.

The beginning of a marital relationship is very important as a part of a family relationship, and it satisfies many mental and physical necessities in a safe environment and has a great impact on people’s health. The aims of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of sexual health counseling based on cognitive behavioral approach on satisfaction and excitability of newly married women.

A randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 50 newly married women who referred to the health center of Jiroft City. They randomly divided into the intervention and the control groups. All of the participants completed Linda Berg’s Sexual Satisfaction Scale before intervention, 8 weeks after intervention and 4 weeks later (follow‑up). The interventional group participated in CBT (8 sessions, 90 min), but the control group received routine counseling. In all tests, a significance level of 0.05 was considered. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20. Descriptive test, t‑test, and repeated measure test used to analyze data.

In intervention group, sexual satisfaction was obtained 51.88 ± 12.27, 57.2 ± 12.88 and 62.76 ± 11.35 (P < 0.05) and in the control group was gotten 47.12 ± 9.6, 45.8 ± 8.07 and 43.48 ± 7.39 (P > 0.05) before intervention, 8 weeks after intervention and 4 weeks later (follow‑up), respectively. In intervention group, sexual excitability was obtained 82.80 ± 17.24, 91.72 ± 13.07, and 99.28 ± 11.2 (P < 0.05) and in the control group was gotten 87.04 ± 12.99, 87.48 ± 11.64, and 81.96 ± 12.83 (P > 0.05).

It can be concluded that cognitive‑behavioral counseling can help to improve the sexual satisfaction and excitability of the newly married and can be used to improve and promote women’s sexual health.

Women who experience stillbirth and preterm delivery are likely to be associated with an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to women with live births and dose religious attitude related to posttraumatic stress? The aim of the study was promotion PTSD following traumatic birth experiences and the influence of maternity religious Attitude.

A cross‑sectional analytical study was conducted at selected hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences on 82 subjects in 2018. The instruments were demographic questionnaire, Religious Attitude questionnaire, and Mississippi PTSD Scale which were completed after delivery. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22, using the Pearson correlation test.

About 75% stillbirth group and 65% of the preterm delivery group had a high level of religious attitude. In the stillbirth group, 90% had high levels of PTSD and in the preterm delivery group, 90% had moderate stress, and 10% had high PTSD levels. The correlation between religious attitude and PTSD after stillbirth was 0.373 with a significance level of 0.018. Therefore, there was a significant positive relationship between religious attitude and PTSD. However, the relationship between religious attitude and PTSD after preterm delivery was not statistically significant (P = 0.158).

PTSD was significantly higher in mothers with stillbirth and had a significant relationship with religious attitude. However, in mothers of preterm infants, the level of stress was moderate and did not have a significant relationship with religious attitude. The findings indicate the need of mothers for interventions to cope better with the physical and psychological problems of stillbirth and preterm delivery.

Kane’s validity framework examines the validity of the interpretation of a test at the four levels of scoring, generalization, extrapolation, and implications. No model has been yet proposed to use this framework particularly for a system of assessment. This study provided a model for the validation of the internal medicine residents’ assessment system, based on the Kane’s framework.

Through a five stages study, first, by reviewing the literature, the methods used, and the study challenges, in using Kane’s framework, were extracted. Then, possible assumptions about the design and implementation of residents’ tests and the proposed methods for their validation at each of their four inferences of Kane’s validity were made in the form of two tables. Subsequently, in a focus group session, the assumptions and proposed validation methods were reviewed. In the fourth stage, the opinions of seven internal medicine professors were asked about the results of the focus group. Finally, the assumptions and the final validation model were prepared.

The proposed tables were modified in the focus group. The validation table was developed consisting of tests, used at each Miller’s pyramid level. The results were approved by five professors of the internal medicine. The final table has five rows, respectively, as the levels of Knows and Knows How, Shows How, Shows, Does, and the fifth one for the final scores of residents. The columns of the table demonstrate the necessary measures for validation at the four levels of inferences of Kane’s framework.

The proposed model ensures the validity of the internal medicine specialty residency assessment system based on Kane’s framework, especially at the implication level.

Simulation‑based training is an important strategy for skill development in a competency‑based curriculum, especially so for laparoscopic surgery given its unique learning curve, need for practice, and patient safety concerns. The study was conducted for postgraduates in two surgical disciplines in a medical college tertiary care center. The study evaluates the acceptability and utility of structured simulation‑based training for laparoscopic skills. Simulations provide deliberate practice in the leaner supportive environment.

The educational intervention was carried out among the 16 postgraduates from year 2 and year 3 of general surgery and obstetrics and gynecology. A structured training and assessment module was designed and validated, and a 12‑week structured training on laparoscopic box trainers was given to postgraduates under faculty guidance. Feedback from postgraduates and faculty was obtained using separate validated questionnaires. The pre‑ and post‑training assessment scores were compared applying the Wilcoxon matched‑pairs signed‑rank (2‑tailed) test using the SPSS Windows Version 20.0 (IBM Corporation).

Sixteen postgraduates participated in the study. The median satisfaction score of the postgraduates was 4 (range 3–5), a scale of a maximum of 5. The group identified faculty feedback, stepwise skills learning, supportive learning environment, and trainers’ motivation as enabling factors in the training. The faculty observed that the trainees were effectively engaged. The group mean improvement scores in percentage were 40.08 for task 1, 42.08 for task 2, 43.13 for task 3, and 45.63 for task 4.

It is feasible to incorporate faculty‑guided sessions of simulation training in basic laparoscopy skills for postgraduates in our setup. It is well accepted by the key stakeholders, and we recommend it to be incorporated in the formal training program.

Competence in providing spiritual care to patients has become an increasingly important aspect of nursing care delivery. However, studies on nurses’ competence in spiritual care delivery and the factors affecting it are very limited. The present study was conducted to evaluate Iranian nurses’ competence in providing spiritual care and its relationship with their Spiritual Well‑Being.

The present study is descriptive‑analytical research conducted in Bam in the south of Iran between 2016 and 2017. All nurses working in the teaching hospitals affiliated with Bam University of Medical Sciences were invited to participate in the study. For data collection, the Spiritual Care Competence Scale (SCCS) and the Spiritual Well‑Being Scale (SWBS) were used. Collected data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t‑test, and one‑way ANOVA with SPSS software.

In this study, 158 nurses were participated. The result showed that the mean score SCCS and SWBS were 101 ± 12.6, 76.92 ± 13.4, respectively. Pearson correlation test showed a significant and direct relationship between the mean score of SCCS and SWBS (P = 0.001, r = 0.264). The results of this test also showed a significant relationship between all the dimensions of SCCS and SWBS (P < 0.05).

In this study, the nurses had a relatively appropriate competence in providing spiritual care to patients. There was also a significant relationship between the nurses’ spiritual care competency and their spiritual well‑being. Given the lack of adequate studies in spiritual care delivery competencies, it is recommended that similar studies are conducted among nurses in other parts of the country and worldwide.

The growth in the elderly population is predicted to expand exponentially and developing countries like Pakistan have about two‑third of the global elderly population. It is vital to maintain the health of the elderly aged population to reduce disabilities and health‑care cost.

This study aimed to determine the health promotion practices among the older aged population in Pakistan and to explore the factors associate with adopting healthy lifestyle practices.

This was a cross‑sectional study spanning from 2019 to 2020 conducted on 317 participants of age more than 60 years in Pakistan. The participants included healthy attendants of patients visiting the outpatient clinics of different disciplines in the Liaquat National Hospital Karachi through purposive sampling technique. The health‑promoting practices were assessed using Health‑Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Questionnaire. The factors that determined the healthy practices among the elderly population were identified using independent t‑test and analysis of variance and Tukey test, with a significance level of P < 0.05. IBM SPSS Statistics 22 was used for data entry and analysis.

The highest subscale was detected from interpersonal relationships and spiritual growth. The lowest score was detected from physical activity. The scores differed significantly by occupation, education, and the marital status of the participants. Females, unmarried people, those who were less educated, and participants relying on others for financial support had lower health‑promoting lifestyle scores.

The overall health‑promoting practices were good among the old‑aged population of Pakistan. These practices differed particularly for physical activity, spiritual growth, and interpersonal relationships.

Parasitology course is one of the basic science courses in the educational curriculum for medical students. Since the integration of basic and clinical sciences has helped students better understand the basic science course content, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of integration of basic and clinical aspects of a specific topic in a parasitology course on medical students learning.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 110 undergraduate fifth‑semester medical students from April to July 2018. The students were randomly divided into two groups, based on student identification number: Intervention and control groups. The topic selected for this study from the parasitology course was “cutaneous leishmaniasis.” At the beginning of the program, a dermatologist presented the clinical aspects of the topic to the intervention group. Then, a parasitologist delivered a traditional lecture about the basic aspects of the topic to both groups. The students’ scores on questions related to cutaneous leishmaniasis in the final exam were used as a measure of learning and teaching outcomes. A questionnaire that consisted of seven items and three open‑ended questions was used based on the objectives of the randomized controlled trial. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software.

Based on the result of the final examination, there was no significant difference in the learning rate of students between the intervention and control groups (P ≥ 0.05). According to students’ comments, the teaching of clinical science alongside basic science increased the importance of the topic and the students’ interest in basic science. Most students agreed that this method prepares them for their clinical years.

Many medical students believe that the content of many basic science courses are forgotten in the future. Therefore, basic science education alongside clinical science presentations are suggested.

Considering the role of sexual quality of life in public satisfaction, improving interpersonal relationships, promoting the general quality of life, especially in women, and ultimately maintaining, consolidating, and promoting family and community health, the need to explain the factors affecting it, such as sexual health literacy, is felt from the perspective of women. This study aimed to determine the relationship of sexual health literacy on the sexual life quality of women referring to health‑care centers in Qazvin.

This research was a descriptive cross‑sectional study. The population of this study was 420 women of Qazvin in 2020 who were selected by multistage sampling. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and the standard questionnaire sexual health literacy for adults and Sexual Quality of Life‑Female questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and descriptive statistics and logistic regression.

The mean (standard deviation) of the sexual health literacy score was 78.47 (17.85) and sexual quality of life was 59.71 (19.21). The results of logistic regression test showed that the variables of sexual health literacy, education level, age of marriage, and number of sexual intercourses per week were effective factors on the sexual quality of life (P < 0.05).

Women with lower sexual health literacy, lower education level, higher marriage age, and women who had sex less per week had a lower sexual quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to these women in designing educational programs to improve the quality of sexual life.

Coronavirus disease rapidly spreads across the entire world in < 2 months and gravely jeopardizes the regular human routine. The medical fraternity recommends a vaccine as one of the best solutions to save the universe. However, to be effective, the population should reflect an encouraging attitude to accept it. The study aimed to measure vaccine acceptability and reason for hesitancy among the public.

Eight hundred and forty one adults visiting a tertiary care hospital responded to a pretested validated questionnaire on vaccine acceptability and hesitancy. The Chi‑square test and independent t‑test, followed by multinomial logistic regression, were used to analyze the findings.

Overall, 53.4% (n = 445) of participants interested to take vaccine, 27.2% (n = 229) were not sure, and the remaining 19.4% (n = 163) did not intent to vaccinate. Gender (P = 0.013), information on the vaccine (P = 0.022), chances to get coronavirus disease in the next 6 months (P < 0.001), awareness on India COVID‑19 vaccine (P < 0.001), Indian manufacturing company of vaccine (P < 0.001), family history of the laboratory‑confirmed case (P < 0.001), and health status (P = 0.011) found a significant association with intention to vaccination (a response “yes” vs. “no” and “not sure”). Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included specific antivaccine attitudes and beliefs, a concern of fear and phobia, lack of information, and safety issues on the vaccine.

This institute‑specific survey revealed that approximately every 4 in 8 people were not sure to take the vaccine, and one in five people refused to be vaccinated. The study recommends using target‑based health education to understand and address vaccine‑specific concerns to enhance vaccine coverage, and boost confidence among the population.

Adolescents experience many physical and psychological changes during adolescence. Not paying attention to the issue of girls’ puberty may have a negative impact on their mental health and self‑efficacy in future. The aim of this study was to compare the two methods of motivational interviews and peers on puberty health of female high school students.

This study was performed semi‑experimental intervention on 334 high school students in 2019 through multi‑stage randomization. Data using two demographic questionnaires and Scherrer self‑efficacy questionnaire in three stages (pre‑test, immediately after the test and one month after the test). It was collected that in the motivational interview group, 5 training sessions were presented, and in the peer group, only one training session was taught to the peers and the control group was not trained in any intervention.

Immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention, the two intervention groups had significantly better scores in self‑efficacy compared to the control group (P = 0.001). The mean score of self‑efficacy in the control group in the three time periods before, immediately, and one month after the intervention, respectively (50.75 ± 5.322, 50.45 ± 5.34, 50.45 ± 5.37), in the motivational interview group (50.56 ± 5.95, 53.63 ± 5.83, 56.03 ± 6.49) and in the peer group (50.10 ± 5.62, 54.40 ± 4.28, 59.19 ± 4.43) was. Moreover, there were significant differences in self‑efficacy scores within and between the groups by time (P < 0.001) in intervention groups.

This study showed that puberty health education increases students’ self‑efficacy, that correct information should be conveyed by peers and motivational interview, and motivational interview is more effective.

Despite the importance and position of evidence‑based policymaking in the proper management of the health system, studies show that the lack or improper and untimely use of evidence are still one of the main challenges of health systems. Knowledge translation as a solution to this challenge is a process that includes a period of time that starts of decision to choose the research topic and continue to publish of research results, in which the interaction of the researchers and stakeholders is the key factor and the main axis of the process. Since the recognition and promotion of knowledge translation processes resulting from research in health system policy‑making will lead to the improvement of the health system, this review protocol was designed to identify factors affecting knowledge translation implementation, including barriers and facilitators of this process. Identifying these factors can be used as a guide for health system decision‑makers and research managers in planning to select appropriate policies for deployment of the knowledge translation process to increase the use of research results in the health system.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is a serious global pandemic that has extremely affected health‑care systems. This article aimed to review the perspectives of general surgical practice during the COVID‑19 pandemic. A systematic review of the literature addressing modification to general surgical practice during the COVID‑19 pandemic indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Google, and Google scholar was carried out on June 19–20, 2020. The literature review yielded 577 articles. The exclusion of duplication, articles not in English, and specialized ones in various surgical disciplines precluded 398 articles. Finally, following checking for relevance and publication status, 114 papers were included. Recommendations for surgical practice during the COVID‑19 pandemic revolved around mitigation of the risk of virus transmission to patients and health‑care workers. The emerging themes of safety precautions were related to patient prioritization and testing, mindful consideration of the operative strategy, optimum use of personal protective equipment, operative room setup, and departmental organization. However, those recommendations were often diverging and bore on a dearth of evidence and personal opinions. Multidisciplinary work and cooperation among surgical specialties are required to establish and validate the protocols for safe surgical practice during the pandemic and perhaps similar crises in future. The COVID‑19 pandemic has brought several challenges to the field of medicine, including the surgical specialty. The centrality of safety precautions emerging in this crisis requires surgeons to adopt the new roles and work standards and translate them into practice during the pandemic and perhaps longer.

This study aims to use the artificial neural network as a novel approach to explore factors that determine and predict successful performance of nursing interns in Saudi Arabia on the Saudi Nursing Licensure Examination (SNLE).

The study employed a cross‑sectional, analytic approach. A total of 62 nursing interns were recruited by convenience sampling from the University of Hail to participate. Data collection was conducted from September to December 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the nursing interns and their responses regarding examination determinants. Neural network analysis was used to identify factors that are highly predictive of the success of the nursing interns on the SNLE.

Overall, the nursing interns were undecided (3.94 ± 0.14) about the influential factors determining their success. Their study hours (100%) and grade point average (GPA) (96.9%) were identified as strong determinants reflective of the tenacity and vigor of the nursing interns, based on the predictive power of the model. Meanwhile, age (45.7%), marital status (21.3%), gender (15.2%), and the type of academic program (5.9%) were considered the least important of the sociodemographic variables.

Exam preparation activities such as preparation programs, review classes, and exam simulations must be promoted and enhanced to increase the passing tendencies of the nursing interns in the SNLE. The GPA and increased study hours make the most significant contributions to success on the SNLE as compared to other variables such as age, gender, marital status, and the academic program. This study serves as a springboard for nursing educators and administrators in laying tailored strategies to strengthen the nurse interns’ GPA and time management.

Evaluating clinical performance is a challenge in nursing education. On the other hand, a single evaluation method cannot be used to judge different areas of interpersonal skills. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the evaluation of teachers’, peer, and self‑evaluation of nursing students in the psychiatric ward of Baharan Hospital affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences.

In this analytical cross‑sectional study, forty trainee students were selected by a census method in a time period and they were evaluated by three methods including self‑, peer, and teachers’ evaluation. Their clinical skills were assessed using a school‑based clinical evaluation questionnaire containing 15 questions in the areas of taking history, examination of psychiatric health, and the ability to communicate with the patient. The analyses were performed by SPSS‑22 software.

The mean and standard deviation of the evaluation scores of clinical teachers as well as peer and self‑evaluation in the areas of taking patient’s history were 13.82 ± 2.74, 14.46 ± 2.68, and 15.75 ± 2.56, respectively. In addition, the outcomes in the areas of psychiatric examination were 8.11 ± 1.54, 9.25 ± 2.70, and 10.43 ± 2.65 and in the areas of clinical communication were 8.93 ± 2.03, 9.04 ± 2.25, and 10.21 ± 1.98, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the mean of teachers’ evaluation and self‑evaluation scores (P = 0.003) as well as comparing peer and self‑evaluation (P = 0.048). However, no significant correlation was observed between teachers’ and peer evaluation (P = 0.062).

Due to the difference in scores of different methods of evaluation, self‑ and peer evaluation can be used as a complementary method with teachers’ evaluation in measuring the clinical performance of clinical students.

A large proportion of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) can be prevented by reducing unhealthy nutrition, inadequate physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The high burden of NCDs underlines the need for a greater understanding of the causes of these risk factors. This paper aims to identify factors affecting smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy nutrition, and inadequate physical activity in current and future times.

A scoping review was conducted in Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, in 2020 to identify factors affecting smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy nutrition, and inadequate physical activity. The review was guided by the five‑step Arksey and O’Malley model. A deductive qualitative content analysis was employed to identify the factors synthesized through descriptive and narrative synthesis. The search was conducted in English without date restrictions up to January 2020.

We identified 1437 studies through database search and other sources and finally included 72 studies in the review. The content analysis of the data led to the identification of 27 factors affecting smoking, alcohol consumption, nutrition, and physical activity. The factors categorized into social, technological, environmental, economic, political, and values factors.

Political and economic factors have a significant effect on all risk factors, and it is necessary to take comprehensive measures to improve these factors. Technological factors have a greater impact on healthy nutrition. Physical activity is more affected by environmental factors than other risk factors. However, smoking and alcohol consumption are more influenced by social factors and individual attitudes.

Globally, depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents, and suicide is the third leading cause of death among the young and adolescents. Since we have limited data on the prevalence of psychological distress among the youth of India, our aim was to estimate the prevalence of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression among students of professional colleges.

This study was conducted in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (India). A total of 502 apparently healthy students have participated in this study. Data were collected from 243 medical students, 119 engineering students, 103 dental students, and 36 nursing students. A pretested, prevalidated, and structured Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale (K10) was used for the assessment of mental health among students. This is a self‑administered questionnaire‑based cross‑sectional study. Microsoft Office Excel was used for data storage and tabulation. Mean, standard deviation, Chi‑square test, Mann–Whitney U‑test, and Kruskal–Wallis test were used to find the association difference between various parameters using SPSS 22 software.

Out of 502 students, 34.7% of students were found to have normal mental health, 135 students were having mild mental problems, and 116 and 77 had moderate and severe mental illness, respectively. Out of 197 males, 66 were normal, 61, 46, and 24 had mild, moderate, and severe mental problems, respectively. Out of 305 females, only 108 were found to be normal.

Male students were found to have higher prevalence of mental abnormalities. A significant higher prevalence of depression is seen in day‑scholars compared to hostellers. Nursing students are having significantly higher prevalence of depression and nonpsychotic mental illness as compared to dental, engineering, and medical students. Medical students are having the lowest rate of depression than other nonmedical professional subjects.

Participation in a student‑run pro bono clinic (SRPBC) provides opportunities for students to develop professional skills, engage with the community, and provide an often‑underserved population with needed care.

This paper describes the results of a mixed‑method analysis of student experiences in an SRPBC. A survey with both Likert‑type and write‑in elements was administered to three cohorts of students enrolled in a doctoral program of physical therapy. Students were prompted to provide their perspective on the value of the clinic experience with respect to professional development, academic relevancy, and personal growth.

The analysis discovered that perspective value of the clinic in the areas of personal growth and academic relevancy differed by cohort. Specifically, 1st‑year students reported that they benefitted immensely by learning from their peers, especially in the use of outcome measures. Second‑year students did not report the same benefits.

The findings suggest that even though students from different cohorts work together in the same clinic, they may experience the clinic very differently. This observation provided the basis for changes to the SRPBC to enhance leadership and conflict management skills of the 2nd‑year students.

Coronavirus (COVID‑19) is an infectious respiratory disease. Quarantine is often accompanied by unpleasant experiences for those who go through it. The aim of this study was to determine the mental health status of people during quarantine in northern Iran.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted during the quarantine period of coronavirus. Conventional sampling was done from March 6 to April 6. Six hundred and forty‑two individuals were included. Inclusion criteria were living in Sari and being home quarantined during the corona outbreak. Exclusion criteria included hospitalization history due to corona and unwillingness to participate in the study. In this study, the General Health Questionnaire‑28 was used online to collect the required data. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (t‑test, analysis of variance, and correlation coefficient) were used.

In this study, individuals were included in the investigation with a mean age of 38.74 ± 11.89 (ranged from 15 to 73). Most of the participants were female (72.85%) and married (71.34%). According to the results, 21.5% of the participants had poor mental health. Mean mental health scores have a statistically significant relationship with gender, marital status, education, occupation, quarantine period, patients with corona, and exposure to a patient with corona (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, a negative correlation coefficient was observed between age and mental health score (correlation coefficient = −0.31, significance >0.001).

The average score of mental health has a significant relationship with gender, marital status, education, occupation, quarantine period, corona, and exposure to a patient with corona. Given the high prevalence of mental disorders in people during the COVID‑19 epidemic, educating people and planning to reduce the psychological effects of the epidemic can be helpful.

Medical education in India is experiencing a paradigm shift from traditional curriculum to competency‑based medical education (CBME). It de‑emphasizes time‑based training and promises greater accountability, flexibility, and learner centeredness. Faculty development is integral in the context of CBME. Considering faculty perceptions toward the new CBME and addressing the difficulties will play a vital role in successful implementation.

A cross‑sectional study was carried out among 297 teaching faculty in 91 medical colleges across 20 states all over India between February and July 2020. A structured validated questionnaire on CBME was used to collect the responses through Google forms and was exported and analyzed in Microsoft Excel.

More than 80% opined that Faculty members in departments are not adequate for successful CBME implementation. Reflective learning, early clinical exposure, and elective posting were accepted by 60.2%, 70.4%, and 45.5% of the faculty, respectively. Around 81.8% welcomed horizontal integration, whereas only 54.2% favored vertical integration during the Phase I MBBS.

Few reforms such as curtailing the duration of foundation course, sensitization of all medical teachers through faculty development programs, better synchronized vertical integration, increasing the strength of faculty in each department, and adequate infrastructure for skills laboratory can be undertaken as per faculty suggestions.

Gestational diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases during pregnancy. The risk of a lifestyle role in the prevention of metabolic syndrome in women with a history of gestational diabetes has now been identified. The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and metabolic syndrome in women with a history of gestational diabetes.

The present study was a retrospective case–control study that was performed on 90 women (45 women with a history of gestational diabetes and 45 women without a history of gestational diabetes) in Kerman health centers 5 years after delivery in 2020. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and a standardized Walker lifestyle Health promoting Lifestyle profile II questionnaire. The reference laboratory was also used to perform the experiments. SPSS21 software and Spearman’s and Chi‑square tests were used to analyze the data.

The mean age was 35.67 in the case group and 34.27 in the control group (P = 0.230). Lifestyle did not show any difference between the two groups (P = 0.058). However, metabolic evaluation was different in the two groups (P = 0.030). Furthermore, the results of Spearman’s test to examine the relationship between lifestyle and other variables studied showed that in the case group (P = 0.075) and in the control group (P = 0.819) there was no relationship between lifestyle and metabolic assessments 5 years after delivery.

In case group women, it is possible to prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes and disturb the metabolic assessment by teaching a healthy lifestyle and timely follow‑up after delivery. A history of gestational diabetes can be one of the causes of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Getting training to change your lifestyle during pregnancy and postpartum can reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Screening pregnant women during childbirth is a good opportunity to diagnose diabetes early and predict it in the coming years.