نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 7 (پیاپی 64، مهر 1400)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cognitive function in the elderly with Alzheimer's. The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all elderly patients with Alzheimer's who were referred to Tehran neurology clinics. Among them, 22 patients entered the study by the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received 14 sessions of TDCS over the prefrontal cortex, whereas those in the control group received no intervention. The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) was used for data collection. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that TDCS over the prefrontal cortex had a significant effect on cognitive function (attention/orientation, memory, language, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability) in elderly patients with Alzheimer's (p<0.05). According to the present study, TDCS over the prefrontal cortex can be considered as a way to improve cognitive function in the elderly with Alzheimer's​​​​.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factor structure and Item-Response parameters of the Need to Belong Scale (NTBS) in students. The research design was a descriptive-correlation and validation study. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate and master's students of Birjand University. In two studies, 164 and 236 of these students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collected by the Need to Belong Scale (NTBS; Kelly, 1999), the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S; Ditommaso, et al., 2004), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS; Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995), Basic Need Satisfaction in Relationships (BNS-RS; LaGuardia, et al, 2000) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, et al, 1985). Internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, discrimination and threshold parameters, and Item and test information curves were analyzed. Results showed that the Need to Belong Scale shows the structure of an agent with an explained variance of 67.87%. Confirmatory validity was confirmed. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scales varied from 0.95 to 0.91 and split-half coefficients varied from 0.94 to 0.89, respectively. The Item-Response parameters were also at the optimum level (P<0.05). It seems that the Need to Belong Scale has good reliability and validity in students.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of coronary anxiety, cognitive distortion, and psychological hardiness with students' mental health during the coronary epidemic. The method of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all high school students in the city of Astara in the academic year 2020-2021 in the context of the Corona epidemic. 150 students participated in the study by available sampling method and through Shad virtual program. The standard questionnaires of General Health Goldberg and Hiller (1987), (GHQ), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale Alipour et al. (1398), (CDAS), Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale Hammachi et al. (2004), (PHI) and Psychological Hardiness Inventory Kobasa(1982), (ICDS) psychological hardiness were used to measure the research variables. The collected data were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple regression and Spss 23 software. The results showed that students' mental health had a negative and significant relationship with coronary anxiety and cognitive distortion and a positive and significant relationship with psychological hardiness (P <0.01); Coronary anxiety, psychological hardiness, and cognitive distortion were able to explain 54% of the variance in students' mental health (P <0.01). According to the obtained results, psychologists and school officials can play an important role in controlling their mental health in the context of the corona epidemic by considering the cognitive and personality characteristics of students.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between adjustment to university and parental perceptions. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all undergraduate students of the University of Birjand in the second semester of 2019-2020. For this purpose, 286 participants, selected available sampling method, completed the Perceptions of Parents Scale (Robbins, 1994), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), and Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (Baker and Siryk, 1984). The results showed that parental perceptions have an indirect and significant effect on students' adjustment to university through the mediating role of cognitive flexibility (P<0/01). The fit indices confirmed the goodness of fit of the stated model. The results indicate that improving students' academic adjustment requires supportive parenting practices and strengthening cognitive flexibility.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the process of symbolization following the experience of absence and internalization of the object in the depression position. The disturbance in the formation of the symbol is a disturbance in the relationship between ego and object. In particular, a disturbance in the distinction between ego and object leads to a disturbance in the distinction between symbol and symbolized subject which leads to objective psychotic thinking. Therefore, it is important to study the process of symbolization in the relationship between ego and object. In this regard, in this article, the evolution of the concept of symbolization was investigated. The first part of this article deals with the issue of Klein's theoretical framework, and after understanding the psychological positions and symbolization in the depressive position, the concept of symbolization from the perspective of Hannah Segal is discussed.

The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment based on ego strength and cognitive emotion regulation. The statistical population of the present study included all female students in high school. In this study, 337 female high school students were selected by the available sampling method. Research questionnaires included: Bell Adjustment Inventory Bell, (1961),  (BAI), Ego Strength Scale Besharat, (2007), (ESS) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Garnefski and Kraaij, (2006), (CERQ). This study is a descriptive correlational study. Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that by increasing the individual score in adaptive strategies of emotion regulation (p<0/05, r= 0/60) and ego strength (p<0/05, r= 0/50) the rate of social adjustment increases. On the other hand, the results showed that by reducing the score in maladaptive strategies of emotion regulation (p<0/05, r= -0/54) the rate of social adjustment increases. Findings showed that the combination of research variables is significantly related to social adjustment and explained 47% of its variances. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that ego strength is a psychological capacity, and emotions as biological responses affect interactions and social functioning. It is suggested to cultivate ego strength and teach cognitive emotion regulation strategies to promote social adjustment.

The aim of this study was to study the phenomenology of parent-child conflict management practices during the coronavirus outbreak. The method of this research is qualitative and has used a phenomenological design to deeply describe the subject. Participants in this study were 12 parents of elementary school students in Tehran in the 1399-1400 academic year who were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected during semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Klaizi method. Finally, after analyzing the data, 4 main categories in the fields of health, education, finance, and interpersonal relations and 12 subcategories were obtained. It can be concluded that this study has provided a new understanding of the parent-child relationship in the current situation. In this way, creating a relationship-oriented environment in the family and meeting the developmental needs of the child, and supporting and caring for her along with committing her to her responsibilities can help increase the quality of the relationship between parents and their children. And lead to a safe and peaceful atmosphere in the family center even during the period of coronary heart disease and global fear of it.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on self-control and flexibility of body image in obese patients. The method of this study was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the study included all obese patients who volunteered for the sleeve and gastric bypass surgery referred to Tehran Obesity Treatment Center in 2020 from January to February. The sample of the present study included 30 patients (15 in the experimental group, 15 in the control group) that were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The research tools included the self-control questionnaire (Tanji et al, 2004) and the body image flexibility questionnaire (Sands et al, 2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy was performed for the experimental group for 10 90-minutes sessions two days a week. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed that acceptance and commitment therapy significantly increased self-control and flexibility of mental image in obese patients. It is recommended to use acceptance and commitment therapy along with other interventions to promote self-control and flexibility of mental image in obese patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive schema therapy on reducing anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer in Tehran. The research method was a quasi-experimental type of pretest-posttest with a control group. Available or selected voluntarily. Then, the experimental and control groups of 30 were randomly assigned. The twelve-session protocol of Yang schema therapy was performed on the experimental group. Both groups completed the Goldberg and Hiller (1979) General Health Questionnaire in the pre-test and post-test. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that Schema therapy was significant in reducing anxiety and depression (p <0.001). Based on this, it can be said that cognitive schema therapy can reduce anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer. For future research, this treatment can be considered as an effective factor in improving the condition of breast cancer patients and increasing their mental health.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of schematic therapy on family and sexual functions of women with frigidity in Isfahan. The method of this study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with waiting for the treatment group. the population of the study consisted of all women with frigidity who were referred to the sexual health center of Isfahan in 2020. Forty women who suffered from frigidity were selected through purposeful sampling after screening with Rosen et al.'s (2000) Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Kaplan Clinical Interview (KCI) (2015) and randomly assigned in two groups of experimental and waiting for treatment. The 10 - meeting protocol schema therapy was implemented on the experimental group. The two groups responded to the questioners of  Family Assessment Device (FAD) Miller et al. (2013) and Rosen et al.'s (2000) Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) the beginning and end of the study. the results of data analysis performed using the statistical test of analysis of covariance indicated that the schema therapy was a meaningful effect in improving sexual and familial functions (P<.05). Accordingly, it is possible to say that schema therapy is effective as a complementary method to improve the family and sexual functions of women with frigidity disorder and improve the quality of their marital relationships.

The current study aimed at determining the role of cognitive emotion regulation styles in predicting students' mental health and academic performance. This research was a correlational study. The sample included 240 students from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in the academic year 2019-20 that were selected by random cluster sampling. Data were obtained from the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and the overall average score used to measure academic performance. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlational coefficient, multiple regression analysis, and independent t-tests. Results showed that positive refocusing reappraisal from adaptive cognitive emotion regulation styles and catastrophizing from maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation styles were the strongest predictors of psychological health in students. Furthermore, academic performance was positively associated with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and was negatively associated with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Positive refocusing reappraisal strategy was the strongest predictor of students' academic performance. In addition, the results also showed that men used the self-blame style more than women. Considering the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in mental health and academic performance, educating cognitive emotion regulation strategies (especially positive refocusing reappraisal) can increase students' mental health academic performance.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on the improvement of emotion regulation and dysfunctional attitudes in people with Borderline personality disorder. The study method was a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a waiting-list group. The statistical population of the study was all those people with borderline personality disorder who were referred to Fatemi hospital of Ardabil, Iran in the autumn of 2018. Thirty-two patients were selected by convenience sampling method and they were randomly assigned to two experimental (16 members) and waiting-list (16 members) groups. Members of both groups were individually responded to scales of emotion processing (EPS) Baker, Thomas, Thomas and Owens (2007) and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS) Weissman and Beck (1978). Then, the intervention was performed by the transcranial direct electrical stimulation device on the experimental group members for 10 consecutive days for 20 minutes by placing anode in region F3 and cathode in region F4 individually. Whereas the group of waiting-list participants did not receive this intervention. Then, a post-test was performed on both waiting-list and experimental groups. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with SPSS-24 software. Results showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in intrusion, suppression, uncontrolled impulses, discordant and dissociation components of emotion regulation and perfectionism, need to others confirmation, need to others satisfaction, and suggestibility of performance evaluation components of dysfunctional attitudes (P<0.05). These results reveal the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on improving emotion regulation and dysfunctional attitudes in individuals with a borderline personality disorder. Given to high resistance to psychological therapies in people with borderline personality disorder, these results can promise new neuropsychological interventions for this disorder.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the procedure of moral components transition from parents to adolescent children in the process of moral education. This study was performed qualitatively using a phenomenological approach. For this purpose, 15 parents with adolescent children aged 13-17 years were selected by purposive sampling. Parents' experiences in transmitting moral components to their children were examined through semi-structured interviews. Data were collected, recorded, and then coded and classified into main categories. Analysis of participants' experiences led to the identification of 103 initial propositions, 33 sub-themes, and 8 main themes. The main topics were strategies for cultivating moral reasoning and cognition, strategies for cultivating moral emotional tendency and deterrence, strategies for cultivating moral will, creating a moral environment, disciplinary components in moral education, communication components in moral education, active methods of creating moral performance, inductive methods of creating moral performance. Strategies for cultivating moral reasoning and cognition, strategies for cultivating emotional tendency and deterrence, and strategies for cultivating moral will were the first underlying factors, and setting the moral environment was the second underlying factor in moral-oriented education. Parents use inductive and active methods to convey moral components in moral-oriented and these strategies and methods are most effective when parents adopt a responsible parenting style.

Aging is associated with decreased physical function and the development of various physical and mental diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between age, level of education, and stress with fatigue in the elderly in the Tehran sanatorium. The statistical universe of the present cross-sectional study consisted of elderly people living in nursing homes in Tehran. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 131 people participated in this study voluntarily. First, anthropometric indices such as height, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index were measured and recorded using a measuring tape and body composition (OMRON BF 511). The levels of stress and fatigue were assessed and recorded. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-tests, as well as SPSS software version 23, were used for statistical analysis. The results of statistical analysis of the data showed that in the high-stress group, the levels of fatigue (P <0.01) and age (P <0.01) were significantly higher than in the low-stress group. Also, there was a significant inverse relationship (P <0.01) between stress levels and fatigue score, so that with increasing fatigue levels, stress also increases. There was an inverse relationship between fatigue score and age (P <0.01) and a positive and significant relationship between weight (P <0.01) and education (P <0.01). According to the results of this study, it can be said that using strategies such as holding educational classes to benefit from education and learning, as well as providing appropriate psychological and environmental facilities in nursing homes to reduce stress levels of many negative physiological changes and prevents the psychological effects of aging. It can also reduce fatigue levels in nursing homes to improve their health and increase their life expectancy.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of satisfying basic psychological needs, difficulty in regulating emotion, and Feeling lonely in predicting fear of intimacy in female sex workers. This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study is all women referring to the Drop-In Center (DIC) in Tehran in the second six months of 1399, from which 50 people entered the study by convenience sampling. Research tools include fear of intimacy inventory (Dekatner and Telen, 1991),  The Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (La Guardia et al, 2000),  difficulties in emotion regulation scale (Grits and Roemer, 2004), and the short form of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults ( Ditommaso et al, 2004). Pearson correlation and simultaneous linear regression were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that feeling lonely and having difficulty in regulating emotion had a positive and significant relationship with fear of intimacy and satisfaction of basic psychological needs had a negative and significant relationship with fear of intimacy (P <0.01). Also, regression results showed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, difficulty in regulating emotion, and loneliness were able to predict 0.76 fear of intimacy in female sex workers (P <0.05). Given that the fear of intimacy in female sex workers is affected by dissatisfaction with basic psychological needs, difficulty in regulating emotion, and Feeling lonely, holding workshops based on these concepts in this group of women seems necessary.

The purpose of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas, psychological flexibility in opioid substances, stimulant substance dependents, and Non-addictive persons. The research design was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included all Non-addictive men and men with opioid and stimulants dependents referring to treatment centers and drug addiction camps in Yazd city (1397). The sampling method was done in an accessible form and 45 persons were considered for each group. In addition to a demographic information sheet, the research instruments included two questionnaires: Yang Schema Questionnaire (1998), acceptance and Commitment Questionnaire by Bond & Associates (2011). Data analysis was performed using one-way variance analysis by SPSS software version 25. The results showed that the first maladaptive schemas of opium and stimulants abusers were significantly higher than the Non-addictive group (p<0/05). In addition, the results showed that stimulant abusers had the least psychological flexibility compared to the other two groups (p<0/05). Thus, the design and implementation of appropriate psychological and educational interventions for schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for opioid and stimulant abusers can be very helpful.

The aim of this study was to Comparison of the effectiveness of immunization training against stress and self-compassion training on the tendency to masturbate and online pornography in male secondary school students. Among them, 75 male students of the 12th grade of upper secondary school were selected using multistage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group (25 people in each group). The experimental group underwent Meichenbaum’s (2008) stress immunization training in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group received no intervention. The tools used included the Jozak Masturbation Questionnaire (2017) and the Chris and Rosenberg (2014) Internet Pornography Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results of data analysis showed that stress immunization training and self-compassion training had an effect on the tendency to masturbate and internet pornography compared to the control group in male adolescents and it was also found that the effectiveness of self-compassion training reduced Masturbation and pornography online have been more common than stress immunization training (P <0.001). The results showed the effectiveness of stress immunization training and self-compassion training on adolescents' tendency to masturbate and Internet pornography.

People with bipolar disorder )PWBD) impose a lot of burden on their caregivers, which can have unpleasant consequences for caregivers. The aim of this study was to follow up the one-year burden of caregivers of PWBD after psychotherapy of these patients. This cross-sectional study was performed as a continuation of a clinical trial in caregivers of PWBD. In the trial study, 30 male PWBD participated in two groups of intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 15) randomly from Isfahan Psychiatric Hospital. The intervention group underwent Supportive-Expressive Dynamic Psychotherapy and followed by three and six months. At the beginning of the trial, after its completion and one year later, the burden of bipolar caregivers was compared between the intervention and control groups (caregivers did not receive any intervention). Data collection was performed using Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (1980). Data analysis was performed in SPSS-24 statistical software using repeated measures ANOVA test. The results of intergroup differences showed that between the caregivers of the intervention and control groups in the subscales of individual burnout (F=6.368; P=0.008), emotional (F=7.115; P=0.014), and score Total (F=7.420; P=0.012) there is a significant difference and 27%, 24% and 25% of the changes are due to group membership, respectively; But no significant difference was observed in the subscales of social and economic burnout (p <0.05). Overall, it can be concluded that psychotherapy of PWBD can play an effective role in reducing the burden of their caregivers in the long term, but requires comprehensive and ongoing interventions.

Following the worldwide outbreak of Covid-19, beliefs concerning its origin and contributing factors began to appear and disseminate in the everyday discourse of various cultures. With respect to content and structure, these beliefs conform to theories known as conspiracy theories in the social psychological literature. During the time since the outbreak of Covid-19, studies regarding predictors and consequences of belief in these theories have been conducted. The present paper aims to review and categorize findings of these studies, including the nature and content of Covid-19 conspiracy theories, their dispositional correlates, their implications for the use of preventive health strategies at the societal level, and what can be done to discontinue their dissemination. According to review studies, emotions (especially fear and anger), political orientation, optimism and pessimism, hopelessness, and uncertainty were among the most common determinants of belief in conspiracy theories. Regarding consequences, belief in conspiracy theories about Covid-19 was mostly related to less commitment to health protocols, especially keeping the social distance, expression of violence, and xenophobia. The findings of this review paper may benefit governments and public health officials, as well as associated organizations and society as a whole.

Internet gaming disorder is explained as continuous and frequent use of the Internet in the gaming context, leading to significant distress and dysfunction. In the last two decades, many cognitive-behavioral and neurocognitive models have been proposed for general and specific internet use disorders. The interactive model (I-PACE), which integrates its predecessors, is designed explicitly for Internet-specific disorders, such as Internet gaming disorder. Research evidence supports the theoretical components of the I-PACE model. However, there is a gap in the research literature on integrating different therapeutic approaches with the I-PACE model. The present study, by reviewing the etiological models of Internet gaming disorder and emphasizing the interactive model, can pave the way for further studies in the prevention and treatment of Internet game disorder.