Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Jan 2019

Mobile phone dependence has become an emerging public health problem. This cross‑sectional study was conducted to find out the mobile phone involvement and dependence among undergraduate medical students in a Medical College of West Bengal, India.

A study was conducted at IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, District Burdwan, West Bengal, India, during July–August 2015 among 252 undergraduate medical students. Involvement and dependence were elicited by mobile phone involvement questionnaire (MPIQ) and mobile phone dependence questionnaire (MPDQ), respectively. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 19.0) was used for analysis.

About 14.9% of students were being highly involved with their mobile phone. The mean score of MPIQ was greatest in domain 5, i.e. euphoria followed by domain 2, i.e. behavioral salience and then domain 4, i.e. conflict with other activities. About 19.4% of males and 11.1% of females had high dependence. Mean MPDQ score was higher among males, though it was not significant statistically. Sex, total recharge, and total hours spent on mobile phone could explain between 2.2% and 3.8% variance of the presence of dependence in binary logistic regression. Total recharge (adjusted odds ratio 1.144) and total hours spent on mobile (adjusted odds ratio 1.135) were positively associated with the presence of dependence.

Many students were highly involved and dependent on mobile phone and they had already been experiencing some health‑related problems. There is a need to identify students having high involvement and dependence so as to generate adequate awareness and plan educational or treatment interventions accordingly

Disasters are inescapable phenomena. Once they occur, reliable and objective information becomes vital in sound decision‑making to respond. Emergency health evaluation of affected population can be used to gather information about the patterns of access to medical care, basic household needs, and other health needs. The objective of this review was to summarize evidence from scientific studies on the various methods of emergency health evaluation following disasters.

A comprehensive list of studies was provided in May 2017 by an extensive search using PubMed, Web of Sciences, Ovid Medline, ProQuest Research Library, and World Health Organization Library.

Of the 1592 retrieved articles, 21 articles were included in this review. In a majority of the studies (n = 18), a questionnaire was used and an interview was conducted to collect information, but in three studies, smartphone‑based methods were used. Sampling method in most of the studies was cluster sampling in Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response method. But in eight studies, random sampling method was used. In a majority of the studies, the demographic status of samples and in 18 studies, the condition of diseases, water, shelters, health, food, mortality rate, and existing medical services were investigated.

Although new methods such as social media and smartphones were already investigated in some articles, but these approaches require further investigation since there is a growing need for new methods.

Regular physical activity during preconception period has beneficial effects on the health of women during conception and the identification of factors associated with it is an effective factor for improving the behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the physical activity and health belief model (HBM) constructs (perceived susceptibility/severity, barriers, and self‑efficacy) as intrapersonal factors among women undergoing preconception care.

In this cross‑sectional study, 110 women who were undergoing preconception care were carried out. Moreover, health belief constructs and attitude toward physical activity were assessed through the use of researcher‑made questionnaire. In addition, the duration of physical activity with moderate/vigorous intensity was evaluated utilizing a long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

The results showed that although there was a relationship between the all health belief constructs and attitude toward physical activity and the duration of leisure physical activities carried out during (P < 0.05), but using the linear regression test showed that only perceived barriers, independent from other variables, had a significant inverse correlation with this type of activities (β = −0.27, P = 0.02).

The findings of this study showed that among the constructs of theHBM, perceived barriers are the most important predictor of physical activity in women during the preconception period and emphasize the need to design possible means to promote physical activity to remove barriers to effective physical activity

Maternal confidence is an extremely important factor in playing the mother’s role and her identity formation. Loss of self‑confidence occurs in primiparous women due to the lack of maternal skills. Obtaining the behaviors of maternal role and self‑confidence, the mother provides better care for her child. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of maternal role training program based on Mercer theory on maternal self‑confidence of primiparous women with unplanned pregnancy.

This clinical trial was performed on 67 primiparous women referring to Mashhad health centers. Individuals were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. A maternal role training program based on Mercer theory was carried out for intervention group (three sessions of group training in the 34th, 35th, and 36th weeks of pregnancy and one individual training session before discharge from the hospital and then, weekly follow‑up over the phone for 4 weeks). The control group received the normal pregnancy care. The research tools were questionnaires of demographic characteristics, London, DASS 21, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Parenting Sense of Competence, General Impressions on Infant Temperament Questionnaire, and Six Simple Questions. Maternal self‑confidence was measured before training, 4 weeks after delivery, and 4 months after delivery. Data analysis was carried out using independent t‑test, Chi‑square test, paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney test, one‑way ANOVA, and Wilcoxon test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was a significant difference between mean maternal self‑confidence changes (before training and 4 weeks after delivery (P = 0.003) and before training and 4 months after delivery (P = 0.001) in both groups. After eliminating the effect of interventional variables, the mean scores of maternal self‑confidence after training in the intervention group had a statistically significant difference with that in the control group (P = 0.001).

Maternal role training program based on Mercer theory increases maternal self‑confidence in primiparous women with unplanned pregnancy. Teaching maternal role is recommended to all health‑care providers.

Postpartum period is a critical interval in which the woman is under risk for psychiatric disorders including postpartum depression (PD). This study was performed to investigate the impact of the mode of delivery on the occurrence of PD in primiparous mothers.

This correlational study was performed on 244 primiparous women (aged 15–49 years) in 17 primary health‑care centers. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and PD‑related data were gathered using questionnaires and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) on the 1st and 3rd months after delivery. The questionnaires were administered to all primiparous mothers who were registered to the relevant health-care center. Questionnaires were administered by the researcher for 25–30 min with face-to-face interview technique.

Comparison of EPDS scores on the 1st and 3rd months indicated that there was a remarkable decline over time (Z = 11.112, P = 0.001). There was an inverse association between educational level and EPDS scores on the 3rd month (P = 0.037). On the other hand, no significant relationship was detected between age groups, occupation, income, place of accommodation, and EPDS scores. Evaluation of the relationship between obstetric features and EPDS scores revealed that desired and performed modes of delivery, induction, episiotomy, and spinal anesthesia were not linked with EPDS scores. The postpartum behavior (2=10.315; P = 0.035) and feeding method of infants (2 = 6.109; P = 0.013) were associated with EPDS scores on the 1st month, but not with EPDS scores on the 3rd month.

Effective measures must be established for early recognition of factors affecting the occurrence of PD. Health planners and policymakers must spend their efforts for promotion of the knowledge and attitudes of mothers during pregnancy. Identification of factors for PD necessitates implementation of multicentric, controlled trials on larger series.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and its related comorbidities are considered an important health issue. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of glycemic control on lipid profile variables in children with T1DM.

This study included 274 children (≤19 years of age) with T1DM who had referred to the outpatient clinics of endocrinology in Emam‑Hossein Hospital of Isfahan, Iran. Based on American Diabetes Association criteria, patients were divided into two groups including optimal glycemic control (OGC) and poor glycemic control (PGC). Mean lipid level and frequencies of lipid profile abnormalities between the two studied groups were compared.

Mean age of the studied population was 13 ± 5.9 years and 133 (48.5%) were boys. A total of 162 (59.1%) and 112 (40.9%) patients had PGC and OGC, respectively. Hypercholesterolemia was the most common dyslipidemia in both groups (33 [29.1%] of OGC and 63 [39.1%] of PGC patients). The frequency of high low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly higher in patients with PGC than those with OCG (P = 0.007). The frequencies of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of high‑density lipoprotein were also higher in PGC group, but did not reach the significant threshold.

It is suggested that glycemic control is in association with lipid profile abnormality in patients with T1DM. High LDL was significantly more frequent in patients with PGC than those with OGC. It is recommended to investigate the role of glycemic control on other cardiometabolic risk factors of T1DM patients. Our findings could be used for planning preventative strategies for reducing T1DM‑related cardiovascular disease.

Hospital websites are one of the most important communication and information distribution tools in hospitals. Evaluation of hospital websites based on different aspects including design, content, accessibility, and other related criteria can determine hospitals’ situation in the use of novel information technologies. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate public hospital websites of Isfahan using WebMedQual approach.

This study is an applied study carried out using a survey method which evaluated the public hospital websites of Isfahan using WebMedQual scale in the year 2015. Validity and reliability of the scale was confirmed. This scale includes 8 main components, 8 subcomponents, 95 items, and 3 supplementary questions. The study population included 17 public hospital websites in the city of Isfahan. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software.

Based on the general score of WebMedQual scale, the websites of Noor and Ali Asghar hospitals with 42.21% had the highest and the website of Ibn Sina hospital with 22.81% had the lowest score. Findings also showed that among eight factors used in this scale, design with 59.96% and accessibility with 44.70% had the highest average scores. On the other hand, source credibility, user support, and privacy have the lowest average scores with averages of 22.87%, 21.56%, and 1.63%, respectively. The total average score of all factors was 31.94%.

Scores showed that based on WebMedQual, public hospital websites in Isfahan have low quality. Therefore, it is necessary to review and make corrections regarding privacy and confidentiality guidelines, update website information, website content (clinical content and other contents) and website writers, and provide forums and other design‑related factors for these websites.

Given the importance of feedback to improve teachers’ educational performance, the current study aimed to identify the challenges and problems involved in providing feedback to clinical teachers on their educational performance.

In the first phase of this mixed‑methods study, the clinical teachers, students, and university officials were interviewed on feedback problems and challenges. After an inductive content analysis, and based on the problems enlisted, a ten‑item questionnaire was developed. Subsequently, 25 clinical teachers completed the questionnaire by scoring the importance and urgency of each problem.

Overall, 18 individual and group interviews were conducted with 24 people. A total of ten themes and five categories emerged, including “lack of transparency of feedback system,” “absence of criticizability culture,” “lack of motivation to improve performance,” “failure to consider factors affecting teacher’s performance,” “lack of formative evaluation,” “inappropriate data obtained on teacher’s performance,” “inappropriate feedback providers,” “inappropriate feedback recipients,” “inappropriate feedback provision,” and “no feedback follow‑up.” Three items of priority involved “inappropriate feedback providers,” “inappropriate data,” and “failure to consider factors affecting the teacher’s performance.”

All the raised problems obtained high scores; nevertheless, the interviewees had more problems with the feedback provider, the data collected on the performance, and inattention of university officials to the factors influencing performance than feedback presentation methods. Hence, gaining the trust of teachers on the collected data, providing feedback by their trustworthy individuals, and paying attention to the factors influencing teachers' performance are associated with an increased possibility of feedback acceptance.

Perception the risk of disasters, is mainly of universal and theoretical nature and is a means of achieving risk understanding/knowledge. In Sendai Framework, the focus is on increasing risk understanding plans in order to achieve community resilience. Therefore, to achieve greater public participation in planning for disaster risk reduction (DRR), this study was conducted primarily to clarify people’s expectations from disaster risk management authorities in order to approach managers’ and experts’ views to people’s views.

This qualitative study was conducted through semi‑structured interviews with 22 participants, who were selected using a purposive sampling technique, in three provinces of Iran. Data analysis was performed by qualitative content analysis using open coding, classifying, and abstracting.

By constant, comparison of data, classes, and subcategories were defined. Knowledge, beliefs, practical obligation, respect for human beings, endeavoring for systemic actions in terms of planning, implementation, and evaluation classes. In three more abstract categories, personal, interpersonal, and social commitments were defined.

At the preparatory stage, disaster managers need the maximum participation of people in DRR programs. They, in addition to understanding the importance of their managerial positions at individual levels and social interactions, are committed to reducing risk.

The aim of this study is assessing predictors to oral health behavior in Iranian students based on the health belief model.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 416 (applying the statistical estimation) of fifth‑grade female students of Tehran in 2016. Random cluster sampling method was used to recruit students. The inclusion criteria were being grade five female student (aged 10–12 years), and studying in governmental schools, and having a signed consent from the child’s parent or legal guardian. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the variables that predict oral health behaviors.

Overall, 416 female students were entered into the study. Of these, only 55.3% of the students reported that they were brushing at least twice a day, 22.4% were using dental floss at least once a day, and 23.1% reported checking their teeth every 6 months. The results obtained from the logistic regression analysis indicated that perceived self‑efficacy, was the significant predicting factor for brushing at least twice a day (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.06–1.69, P = 0.012) and use of dental floss at least once a day (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.14–2.27, P = 0.007). Furthermore, mother’s job predicted use of dental floss at least once a day by (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.07–3.10). Perceived benefits were the significant predicting factor for 6 months check (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.14–2.77).

The current study provides evidence oral health can be promoted by increasing perceived self‑efficacy and enhancing perceived benefits in female students.

Parents have an important role to play in supporting adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Their education and occupation are important factors for the management of this disease. This study aimed to investigate the parental support that Iranian adolescents with T1DM experience and to examine the effect of parents’ education and occupation on adolescents’ perceived the parental support and metabolic control.

This is a cross‑sectional survey. The participants were 98 adolescents (aged 11–18 years) with T1DM referred to Endocrinology Clinics of Shahid Rahimi and Shahid Madani hospitals in Khorramabad, Iran, in 2016. For evaluating the adolescents’ perceptions of parental support, the family version of Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire was employed. It measures in five diabetic care areas (insulin administration, blood testing, meal planning, exercise, and emotional support). Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 software using descriptive statistics and inferential tests including Pearson correlation test, ANOVA, and independent t‑test.

The parents’ educational level had a significant relationship with adolescents’ perceived parental support and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level (P < 0.05). Occupation of father had no significant influence on his supportive behavior and HbA1c level in adolescents, but mother’s occupation significantly influenced them (P < 0.05). In adolescents with higher perceived parental support, the mean HbA1c was lower.

Parents with higher educational level can improve the metabolic control and provide better meal planning in adolescents with T1DM.

Almost 15% of all pregnant women can develop potentially life‑threatening complications. As a result, identification of high‑risk pregnancy at earliest stage will be useful in directing appropriate intervention. Hence, the current study was done to determine the prevalence and outcome of high‑risk pregnancy among antenatal women in rural Puducherry.

A record‑based longitudinal study was done during March 2018 among 569 antenatal women who have attended rural health center of tertiary care institute. High‑risk pregnancy was classified based on the guidelines from Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan and outcome assessment based on the obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Among 569 antenatal case record reviewed, 315 (55.3%) were in the age group of 20–25 years and majority (463, 81.4%) belonged to below poverty line families; 410 (74.3%) registered their current pregnancy within the first trimester. The prevalence of high‑risk pregnancy among study participants was 18.3% (95% confidence interval: 15.3%–21.7%). Majority (81.9%) had term delivery. Regarding obstetric and neonatal outcomes, majority had spontaneous vaginal delivery (73.9%); about 10.4% gave birth to low‑birth weight baby, and only 1.7% had stillbirth. Parity, socioeconomic status, and unfavorable outcomes such as low‑birth weight, preterm, and postterm delivery were associated with high‑risk pregnancy.

The current study found that almost one‑fifth of the pregnant women in rural area have high‑risk pregnancy. Unfavorable obstetric and neonatal outcomes were common among high‑risk cases. Hence, early detection of high‑risk pregnancy needs to be done at primary health‑care level to improve the maternal, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes.

Academic stress is one of the major affecting factors on adolescent health. This study investigates adolescents’ view about the sources of academic stress, with which their identification could be used for the reduction of adolescent academic stress.

This qualitative study was conducted with Directional Content Analysis methodology. Semi‑structured interview methods were used for data collection. Participants were students aged 12–18 years old. Purposeful sampling with Opportunistic Maximum Variation Method was performed in terms of type of schools, socioeconomic classes, and gender of students. A total of 43 interviews and were conducted by two interviewers.

A total of 173 codes, 11 subcategories, and 5 categories were extracted as academic stressors. The categories included family factors (32 codes); peers (18 codes); teachers, school supervisors, and educational system (72 codes); homework and test scores (32 codes); and educational assistance classes (19 codes).

This study showed that students have different sources of academic stress. Awareness of their source of stress can help parents and teachers to revise their treat about students’ function and policymaker to provide better planning and management for students.

The occurrence of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and storms often has devastating effects on human societies and causes heavy casualties on their inhabitants. By destroying the buildings and infrastructure of society, these events impose a wide range of economic and social burdens on societies and countries. Research in the management of incidental accidents improves the ability to respond correctly in the event of accidents. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the readiness of hospitals in unexpected events in 2017.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2017 on 10 selected hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Data collection with the standard checklist included 137 yes/ no questions in 10 areas of emergency, admission, transmission, traffic, communication, security, human resources, management, education, and support. At the end of the study, the data were encoded and entered into the SPSS 22 software and were examined.

The results of this study showed that the readiness of hospitals in each of the areas studied was as follows: emergency (79% = good), admission (72.5% = good), transmission (70.4% = good), traffic (58% = moderate), communication (79.6% = Good), security (59.7% = average), human resources (83.6% = very good), management (58% = moderate), education (81% = very good), support (73% = good), and command and management (81.8% = very good).

Since hospital conditions are completely changed during a crisis, hospital adaptation to new conditions should be based on the projected plans. As a result, everyone should be prepared to take responsibility according to their responsibilities.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung diseases; the most common are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is considered to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is considered to be one of the leading causes of deaths in India, the main reason being misconception/misinterpretation of the disease and unawareness about the risk factors which hinder early diagnosis and its treatment effectively. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior about the disease process and physiotherapy management in patients diagnosed with COPD.

Ethical clearance was obtained before initiating the study. It was a cross‑sectional, qualitative study. In total, 14 patients of COPD were recruited for the study by convenience sampling. The total study duration was 6 months. Two focused groups (n = 14) were conducted with seven COPD patients (diagnosed by chest physician on the basis of pulmonary function testing) in each after obtaining the written informed consent. Focus group contents were video graphed after obtaining the consent and a focus group discussion (FGD) guide comprising of 15 questions was used for the study. Transcripts were prepared from the audio/video recordings and were analyzed qualitatively by narrative analysis.

  The narration transcripted during both the sessions of FGD showed significant negligence about the disease process, its precipitating factors, preventive measures, and physiotherapy management among the patients suffering from COPD in the community. None of the patients were aware even about the term “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” and only 35.71% of patients were aware of physiotherapy management as a mean of treatment for COPD.

The present study concludes that there is a lack of knowledge, incorrect attitudes, and flawed behavioral changes which needs to be corrected among the patients with COPD. These patients require correct, detailed, and broad‑based information about their condition and availability of treatment options.

Innovation is a competitive advantage, with its preservation and continuity dependent on the organizational innovation capability. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the innovation capability dimensions and components in medical sciences universities of Iran.

The present study is a qualitative study with content analysis approach, undertaken in 2016–2017. The data processing included 10 deep interviews with the experts of the health innovation domain in top management of the three types of the medicine sciences universities of Iran with >5 years of experience. Targeted data sampling was performed using snowball method and continued until the saturation of the data. Data analysis was performed using conventional content analysis method using Maxqda 12 software.

Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 28 categories and 8 main themes including communications and interactions, innovation climate, university setting, policy factors (policy‑making, rules and regulations), organizational culture, organizational resources, management and leadership, and organizational learning in two university internal and external dimensions.

To accelerate innovation in medical sciences universities, recognizing the potential of innovation capability is essential.

Physical and mental health is one of the major factors during work life among nurses that can be affected by differential aspects of work such as work resources. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between work resources and physical and mental health among nurses.

This study was a cross‑sectional correlation study performed on 320 nurses employed in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The data gathering tools was Work Resources, Physical and Mental Health questionnaires. data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, linear regression, and confirmatory factor analysis).

Data analysis revealed that 46% and 34% of the participants had moderate and well work resources, respectively. Furthermore, 48% and 54% of nurses had physical and mental health in high level, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that work resources score had significant positive relationship with a score of physical and mental health score (P < 0.001, r = 0.23, and P < 0.001, r = 0.17, respectively).

Work resources are likely to be associated with an increased physical and mental health level among nurses in Iran. The parameters illustrated in the work resources can act as acceptable predictors for physical and mental health as general health.

Communication skills are essential for medical practice throughout the life of a doctor. Traditional undergraduate medical teaching in pediatrics focuses on teaching students with theoretical and practical knowledge of diseases, their diagnosis, and treatment modalities. This study was done to use role play as a tool to teach basic communication skills to the final‑year undergraduate students in pediatrics and to assess perceptions of students and faculty for using role play to teach counseling and communication skills in pediatrics.

It was an observational, questionnaire‑based study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics on the final‑year medical undergraduates. Two modules for role play on common pediatric topics were designed and role play was conducted. At the end of the session, student and faculty feedback were taken by a prevalidated questionnaire with both close (using the 5‑point Likert scale) and open‑ended questions. In pre‑ and post‑role play sessions, communication skills assessment scoring was done. Statistical evaluation of the collected data was then carried out using SPSS 22.

A total of 98 final‑year students participated in this study. Role play was found to be the most preferred tool (33%) for teaching communication skills to the students. Majority of the students (88.78%) and faculty (91.67%) felt that role play helped in teaching communicating skills. Comparison of pre‑ and post‑role play scores on communication skills showed statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001).

Role play can be used as an effective tool to teach communication skills to undergraduate medical students in pediatrics.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world; identifying and correcting the modifiable risk factors reduce the prevalence of coronary artery disorders. Nurses, with regard to their employment conditions, can be prone to cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in male and female nurses.

In this descriptive cross‑sectional study, 263 nurses from Jahrom University of Medical Sciences hospitals were enrolled in the study by convenience sampling. The data collection tool was self‑report Framingham Risk Score and has two parts: first part: personal data, history of disease, history, cigarette, stress and fat disorder, alcohol consumption, diet, exercise, and average hours and second part: height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist‑to‑stature ratio (WSR), waist‑to‑hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar. The benchmark for blood pressure was the JNC‑7 guide. The Adult Treatment Panel III was the guideline. Independent t‑test, Chi‑square, and Mann–Whitney tests were used for data analysis.

None of the staff reported smoking or alcohol history. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean of fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, TG and cholesterol, Framingham percentage, religious practices, green tea and black tea, fish, vegetables, and fast food. The data were analyzed with independent t‑test, Chi‑square, and Mann–Whitney tests. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean of fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, TG and cholesterol, Framingham Percentage, religious practices, green tea and black tea, fish, vegetables, and fast food and sports and walking of men and women were not observed. However, there was a statistically significant difference between women and men in indicators such as eating breakfast, family history, fruit consumption, high‑density lipoprotein, BMI, WSR, and WHR.

The results of the study showed that men are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases and complications than women.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. It can be diagnosed in the first stage by screening. One of the methods for screening breast cancer is mammography. Mammography as a health behavior needs education. The theory of planned behavior examines the factors associated with the behavior.

This research was conducted to compare the individual and peer education on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior in mammography.

This study was a clinical trial. A total of 100 women who attending the selected health centers of Isfahan city were classified randomly into two groups: peer and individual education. Education was based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior (attitude relative to the mammography behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention). The data were collected using a researcher‑made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive‑analytical statistics.

The mean score of attitude toward behavior in the individual education group was significantly higher than peer education (P < 0.05). In addition, the average score of subjective norms in peer education group was significantly higher than individual education (P < 0.05). The mean scores of perceived behavioral control constructs and behavioral intention were not significantly different (P > 0.05).

The results of this study showed the effectiveness of education (individual and peer) based on the theory of planned behavior on attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention related to performing mammography in women. It seems that using educational intervention can be useful to promote the screening behaviors of breast cancer. In general, there were no significant differences between the two methods in changing theoretical constructs.

Iodine is an essential element for thyroid function; it is necessary in minute amounts for normal growth, development, and well‑being of all humans. There is gap in the utilization of adequately iodized salt in the rural areas due to nonavailability, poverty, poor knowledge of iodine deficiency diseases, and faulty storage practices.

The objective was to find out knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding iodized salt consumption and association of sociodemographic factors, if any, among rural women of Tripura.

This community‑based study was conducted among 270 rural women residing at Madhupur village, Tripura. A self‑made pretested schedule (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.7) was used as the study tool to collect information on KAP regarding iodized salt consumption.

Majority of the participants belonged to 31–40 years (30.4%), with a mean age of 38.6 (±13.8) years; all were predominantly Hindus (90.4%). Knowledge and attitude regarding iodized salt consumption were significantly associated with age groups ≤36 years, literacy, and general caste (P < 0.05), but practice was not significant (P > 0.05). Good knowledge and attitude regarding use of iodized packed salt were less than half (46.7% and 41.1%, respectively), but higher level (83.3%) of correct practice was found (P > 0.05).

The existing knowledge and attitude of participants toward iodized salt usage were less, but majority were consuming iodized salt without knowing its benefits. Hence, there is a need to educate rural people through nutrition education or knowledge, with active participation of grassroot level workers in generating awareness about the health benefits of consuming adequately iodized salt.

The purpose of this scoping review was to survey the most recent (10 years) estimating of needed human resource in health‑care organization by Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) method literature to understand themes and research avenues that may be helpful and beneficial to estimating of needed staff in health‑care organizations. Our search strategy was based on using search engines such as Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed as well publications such as Elsevier, Emerald, ProQuest, and Springer. Finally, 31 articles extract for scoping review. Scoping review findings emerge in four key points that mentioned as follow: Service delivery time, Geographical features, Workload, and Supply and Demand. Furthermore, the strengths and weakness of WISN extracted from literature. As conclusion, the WISN method is applicable to any health‑care organization, and of course, in smaller institutions, it can be done more quickly and efficiently. Where shortages of staff were identified using WISN, and if increasing the number of employees was impossible, we could use the task shifting. WISN can be used to calculate the required human resources for future models based on some assumptions such as the results of staff training, demographic changes, and disease profiles and staff turnover.

Trivandrum is a place with better educational status for women. The aim of this study is to describe young women’s attitude toward gender‑equitable norms.

A cross‑sectional survey was conducted in Trivandrum, using multistage cluster sampling method. Participants were 18–28‑year‑old married (n = 203) and unmarried (n = 104) women. The scales of domestic chores and daily life domain items and violence domain items from the compendium of gender scales were used to assess the attitude toward gender‑equitable norms. Pearson Chi‑square test was used to check the significance of the associations.

The high support to gender‑equitable norms on domestic chores and daily life domain was 29% and 18% and violence domain was 25% and 14% among unmarried and married women, respectively. Education was interrupted among 55% of married women due to marriage, pregnancy, childcare, and lack of resources. The ability to take final decision to work outside the home (32% vs. 45%) and in obtaining health care (65% vs. 73%) was low among married women compared to unmarried women. Higher education did not affect the attitude of young women toward gender‑equitable norms on “violence domain,” but the highly educated married women showed a slightly better support for “domestic chores and daily life domain” and had a major say in taking decisions on health‑care seeking and work outside home.

In general, the support for gender‑equitable norms and the freedom in decision‑making are not satisfactory among young women. Education alone cannot make rapid changes in the attitude of young women toward gender‑equitable norms since it is strongly connected with social norms and practices.

Wearing helmet during road traffic accidents among motorcycle riders decreases the likelihood of death by 39%. The theory of planned behavior (TPB), a psychological model helps to explain the failure in helmet usage, by assuming a causal chain. The current study was taken up as no studies have elicited the determinants of helmet usage in terms of TPB among health‑care providers, the role models for healthful behavior by virtue of their profession in the current urban Indian context.

The aims of the study were (1) to determine the proportion of proper use of helmets and (2) to identify TPB‑related factors and other factors influencing the use of helmets.

A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 147 students and staff of a tertiary health‑care center, Bengaluru, using a pretested, validated, semi‑structured, self‑administered questionnaire. Convenience sampling was used. Hierarchical regression model was used to explain variation in the scores of helmet‑use behavior on the basis of TPB variables. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

About 65% of respondents practiced “proper use” of helmets. Intention, perceived behavioral control (direct), and attitude (indirect) were significant predictors of helmet use (P < 0.05). Mean scores of knowledge on helmet use and behavior showed positive correlation (P > 0.05).

Application of TPB in urban Indian context was successful in identifying precursors of helmet use. This study throws a light on the strong influencers of helmet use which can assist policy developers in developing effective programs to successfully promote the “proper use” of helmets.