نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناسی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، تابستان 1393)

The aim of this study is measuring of organizational justice based on fuzzy expert system. Accordingly, a model is designed based on fuzzy sets theory. The introduced model has five stages. In the first stage, input and output variables of model are characterized by available theories. Inputs are as follows: distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice. The output is the score of organizational justice.  In the second stage, the input and output are converted into fuzzy numbers after classification. Inference rules are explained in the third stage.  In the fourth stage, defuzzification is performed, and in the fifth stage, the devised system is tested. The test result shows that the presented model is of high validity. Ultimately, by using the designed model, the score of organizational justice for Small Food Industrials of East Azerbaijan was calculated. The statistical population consists of all staffs and middle managers in these organizations. Using Cochran formula, the sample size is260 employees and 106 middle managers. A questionnaire was devised, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The result indicates that, the score of organizational justice in Small Food Industrials with the membership rank of 0.816 is at an average level and with the membership rank of 0.184 is low.

Organizationsreact against their opposing beneficiary groups through determining and defining good and bad.They act in such a way that they are considered tobe beneficent from the viewpoint ofcustomers, governmental institutions and organizations, share-holders, and the whole society. Observing these factors is referred to as social responsibility. The aim of this study is to compare Iranian airlines from the perspective of corporate social responsibility. The method of this research is descriptive and the statistical population consists of all the Iranian airlines (eight companies). Regarding the small size of the statistical population and the aim of research, the whole statistical population has been investigated. In order to collect the necessary data, a researcher-made questionnaire has been used. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by content validity and its reliability has been calculated by using Cronbach alpha. In designing the questionnaire, the dimensions of social responsibility based on Carroll’s approach have been used. For the analysis of the data, the methods of Vikor and Shannon entropy have been utilized. The results indicate the rank of each one of these airlines, regarding the amount of attention to social responsibility.

The social capital and its variables such as participatory actions and volunteering behaviors could be important in health index and   for elderly ethology.  Using questionnaire based on Stone Model (2002) the research on participatory actions was conducted among elder population of Ahwaz city (in the southwest of Iran) on 2015. With the random and classified sampling 194 elder people from the community has been selected in two groups of experimental (with participatory actions) and witness (without participatory actions). The results have been shown that, there is a significant relationship between Volunteering actions of elderly and two conceptual domains of Social Capital: structure of relationships (networks) and circumstances of relationships as main manner of participation among experimental group. These relations are too effective on other secondary variables such as age, gender, separation of children and chronic diseases. Social distrust to institutions, reduction of social participation and loss of components of social capital was associated with the reduction in healthy behavior index and social awareness. In total, investment in making and reinforcing of promising social capital for the elderly is effective in their attitude toward an effective end for their personal social life and getting more self-esteem and desirable feedback.

In this study the audience’s trust in two important news agency, Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) as the only state official news agency and Fars news agency as independent media, have been evaluated in terms of accuracy and independence among students of Azad University of Uremia. A survey questionnaire is used and the samples were selected through a randomized trial among students at the undergraduate, masters and doctorate level. In this study, a combination of satisfaction theory, active audience and confidence in the media as the theoretical framework of the approach is used. The results indicate that, there is a positive relationship between IRNA financial and political dependence on government with its tendency to release news. Also, there is a positive relationship between trust and attention to news with the students' political orientation. Because of the tendency and special support of IRNA from government in different political periods, there is a need to impartial management and independent pressing activities in IRNA.

Contemporary sociological orientation toward appreciating the importance of consumption and lifestyle activities is important in shaping personal and collective identity. Using field survey techniques and the questioner this study is to answer this question that, what is the relationship between religiosity and various aspects of life from the viewpoints of young adults in Esfahan. The population of the study is (372 young people aged 18 to 29 years) is used as the sample size. In order to answer the main research question, religiosity variables in three components of ceremonial aspects, consequences and belief, age, marital status, and education as were analyzed as independent variables and the dependent variable was lifestyle. The results show that, there is a relationship between religiosity and lifestyle (after consumption norms also, there is a relationship between religiosity and lifestyle (after interpersonal relations) anda relationship exists between religiosity and the whole lifestyle. The lifestyle of respondents varies depending on their education, and marital status. But there is no relationship between religiosity variables and body management and lifestyle and also, there was no significant correlation between age and lifestyle.

The goal of present research is to determine the relationship between personality characteristics and General Health with Belief Development of girl and boy high school students of 1st and 5th areas of Office of Education in 1392-1393. In this regard, 377 students were selected by the Random Stratified Sampling Method and then the following tests were administered: Belief Development Inventory, General Health (GHQ-28), and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Results of multivariate regression showed that, only depression component of General Health was meaningfully related with Belief Development and other three components of General Health were not meaningful predictors of Belief Development. Correlation Test showed that, in the course of Belief Development, all the components of General Health and the total score increases. Also analysis of variance of personality characteristics showed that, there is a positive and meaningful relationship between Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness with Belief Development. At same time there was a negative and meaningful relationship between Openness to Experience and Belief Development. At last correlation test showed a negative and meaningful relationship between Neuroticism and Belief Development. The same test showed a positive and meaningful relationship between Extraversion,Agreeableness and Conscientiousness with Belief Development.

However one of the most common ways to provide social security in third world countries is the use of violent, but experience has proved that despite the quick accessibility of this type of security, stability and durability of it is very low. Stability of security comes only through the establishment of it in a society and the feeling of public participation and responsibility for social security. Statistical population of the study is all high school students of Shoot (1961) and the sample of the study is 320 students who were selected through stratified sampling method. The sample size was obtained using Cochran sampling formula. This research is a survey and the data gathered by a questionnaire. The results show that, there is a relationship between the feeling of security and social participation among high school students in Shoot.

Conservatism has emerged as one of the practical principles in the development of accounting standards. In recognizing profits and losses, accountants desire more validity for good news (profits) than for bad news (losses). Accordingly, conservatism is the product of asymmetry in the income statement verification. In this research, a comprehensive investigation is conducted on the impact of financial leverage and the composition of the board of directors (the board) on accounting conservatism in firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Board combination was examined using board independence criteria, board size, and CEO duality. Moreover, to measure conservatism and the effects of independent variables on it, Basu’s model (Default-Adjusted-Basu) modified by Khan and Watts (2007) was used. In this research, the impacts of variables which were expected to have an influence on the relationship between independent and dependent variables, namely firm size, financial leverage, and the price/book ratio, were controlled. A number of 72 firms listed on the TSE constituted the population of the study and were studied based on their financial statements for the period 2006-2010. To test the hypotheses, correlation test and multivariate regression analysis were used. In general, the results are indicative of a significant relationship between board independence and accounting conservatism but there is no significant relationship between CEO duality and board size with conservatism.