Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:7 Issue: 4, Aug 2017

Postpartum depression is a debilitating mental disorder with a high prevalence. The aim of this study was review of the related studies. In this narrative review, we report studies that investigated risk factors of postpartum depression by searching the database, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Uptodate, Proquest in the period 2000‑2015 published articles about the factors associated with postpartum depression were assessed in Farsi and English. The search strategy included a combination of keywords include postpartum depression and risk factors or obstetrical history, social factors, or biological factors. Literature review showed that risk factors for postpartum depression in the area of economic and social factors, obstetrical history, and biological factors, lifestyle and history of mental illness detected. Data from this study can use for designing a screening tools for high‑risk pregnant women and for designing a prevention programs.

The maternal role is one of the most basic and important roles played by women during their lifetime. The process of the maternal role starts during pregnancy and to continue and develop after postpartum with the growth of suckling. However, unplanned pregnancy may jeopardize achieving the maternal role and reduce maternal role satisfaction. Therefore, the researcher conducted the present study to determine the impact of maternal role training program on attainment of role and role satisfaction in nulliparous women with unplanned pregnancy.

 In this clinical trial, the researcher divided 67 nulliparous women with unplanned pregnancies into two groups at random by drawing lots. For the intervention group, in addition to the usual pregnancy care, the researcher conducted 3 group training sessions at weeks 34, 35, and 36 of pregnancy and an individual training session in the 1st day after delivery before release; then, during the next 4 weeks, the researcher made follow‑up phone calls each week. The control group received the usual pregnancy care. The research tools included London questionnaire to measure unplanned pregnancy, Myself‑As‑Mother Scale (SD‑Self), My‑Baby Scale (SD‑Baby), Perceived Competence Scale to measure maternal role attainment, and Parenting Sense of Competence Scale to measure maternal role satisfaction. The researcher measured the maternal role attainment and maternal role satisfaction before training and 4 weeks after delivery. The researcher analyzed the data using SPSS software version 21 and statistical tests such as independent t‑test, Chi‑square, paired sample t‑test, Mann–Whitney, one‑way analysis of variance, and Wilcoxon. The amount of P was supposed to be <0.05.

The mean age of research units was 24.10 ± 4.3. Twenty‑one persons (60%) in the intervention group and ten persons (31.3%) in the control group attained the maternal role (P = 0.019) and changes to achieve the maternal role in intervention group were significantly more than the control group (P = 0.002). Changes in the mean scores of maternal role satisfaction in the intervention group were significantly more than the control group (P = 0.023).

Maternal role training for nulliparous women with unplanned pregnancy during pregnancy and postpartum period can help them in maternal role attainment and maternal role satisfaction.

We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydroalcoholic extract of Quercus brantii’s nut on clinical, endoscopic, and pathological fi ndings of patients with dyspepsia.

In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, patients with symptomatic dyspepsia who had an endoscopic evaluation for dyspepsia were included and randomized into two groups. One Group (A) received drug extract with a dose of 100 mg twice a day for 10 days. Group B, as a control group, received placebo. Immediately and 2 months after intervention, the patients were followed up, and the characteristics of their dyspepsia (severity and frequency), endoscopic and pathologic fi ndings were reevaluated and compared.

In this trial, 13 and ten patients participated in the study in Groups A and B, respectively. Two months after intervention, ten (76.9%) and six (60%) participants referred for follow-up and endoscopic evaluation. There were no signifi cant changes in clinical presentations after intervention (P > 0.05). Two months after intervention, clinical presentations including severity and frequency of epigastric pain had signifi cant decrease in Group A and endoscopic evaluation indicated signifi cant improvement in Group A (P < 0.05). Pathologic fi ndings were similar and not signifi cantly different in two studied groups after intervention (P > 0.05).

The fi ndings of this trial indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of Q. brantii’s nut could have delayed signifi cant proper effect on clinical and endoscopic presentations of patients with dyspepsia. We recommend that this study should be considered as pilot one in this fi eld. The results could be used as baseline data for more interventional studies. More surveys are needed to investigate the mechanism of extract action at molecular basis.

Internet addiction refers to the excessive use of the internet that causes mental, social, and physical problems. According to the high prevalence of internet addiction among university students, this study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention on preventive behaviors of internet addiction among Tehran University of Medical Sciences students.

This study was a quasi‑experimental study conducted among female college students who live in the dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Two‑stage cluster sampling was used for selection of eighty participants in each study groups; data were collected using “Young’s Internet Addiction” and unstructured questionnaire. Validity and reliability of unstructured questionnaire were evaluated by expert panel and were reported as Cronbach’s alpha. Information of study groups before and 4 months after the intervention was compared using statistical methods by SPSS 16.

After the intervention, the mean scores of internet addiction, perceived barriers construct, and the prevalence of internet addiction significantly decreased in the intervention group than that in the control group and the mean scores of knowledge and Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs (susceptibility, severity, benefits, self‑efficacy) significantly increased.

Education based on the HBM was effective on the reduction and prevention of internet addiction among female college students, and educational interventions in this field are highly recommended.

As an important right and a treatment priority, pain management and alleviation can prevent harmful consequences and sever effects to the infant. The aim of this study was to determine the nurses and physicians’ viewpoints about assessment, intervention, and evaluation of pain in the infants in the neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).

The cross-sectional study was performed in census method in the NICUs of educational hospitals with participation of 157 staff in 2015 in Iran. Data collection tool was a questioner that was designed to assess the four components of pain management namely assessment, pharmacological intervention, nonpharmacological intervention, and evaluation. The collected data were analyzed in a descriptive and inferential statistics by means of the SPSS software, version 16.

The fi ndings of study indicated the total average scores of pain management from nurses and physicians’ viewpoint 66.7 and 65.5, respectively that were at the moderate level. The average score of nonpharmacological interventions from nurses’ viewpoint (69.4) was meaningfully higher than that of the physicians’. A signifi cant relationship was noticed between the respondents’ viewpoint on the nonpharmacological interventions and their NICU background (r = 0.18, P = 0.03). A meaningful relation was found between participation in continuing education and scores of pain management.

The results of this study showed that the nurses and physicians’ viewpoint about pain management was at a moderate level. The effect of work experience and continuing education on pain management is proved in the study. Researchers suggest that both experienced staff employment and education continuation must be incorporated in pain management in NICUs.

Some risk factors that would lead to therapeutic abortion do even exist before pregnancy and could be resolved or corrected through appropriate interventions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the condition of preconception care among therapeutic abortion applicants.

This research was a descriptive, cross‑sectional study that was conducted on 200 applicants for therapeutic abortion at the Forensics Medicine Center of Isfahan (Iran) who were selected convenience sampling from October 2014 to March 2015. Data were gathered using a researcher made checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 through descriptive statistics and Chi‑square and independent t‑test.

Eighty‑five percent of the participants were applicants for therapeutic abortion due to fetal problems, and the other 15% were due to maternal issues. About 41.7% of participants with fetal problems and all of the participants with maternal issues had not received preconception care. In 93.3% of the applicants with maternal issues, the disease existed before the pregnancy. About 48.2% of participants needed genetic counseling, but 28.6% had not received any.

Results showed that in most of the participants, the risk factor for therapeutic abortion existed before the pregnancy. Providing preconception care along with the elimination of risk factors before the pregnancy could prevent some of the pregnancies with the indication of therapeutic abortion.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death all over the world. Lifestyle can have an important role not only in reducing risk factors but also in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between clinical parameters and various aspects of patients’ lifestyles according to the severity of their coronary artery stenosis.

This study was a descriptive, analytic study carried out on 220 patients undergoing coronary angiography at Mazandaran Heart Center. Based on the angiography results, patients were divided into two groups: artery stenosis > 50% (110 cases) and < 50% (110). Patients’ lifestyles were evaluated using health‑promoting behavior questionnaire. Blood pressure and triglyceride, low‑density lipoprotein, high‑density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar were also measured. After collecting data, SPSS 21 software, Chi‑square test, t‑test, and multiple linear regression were used for analysis of the data.

The results showed that in patients with positive angiographic data, there is a significant correlation between clinical parameters and dimensions of health‑promoting behavior (P < 0.05).

Given the impact of clinical parameters on various aspects of lifestyle, it seems that by teaching the different aspects of lifestyle (such as having a healthy diet consisting of fresh fruits and vegetables, reducing intake of saturated fat, physical activity and regular exercise, stress management, and blood pressure control) to patients with a positive angiographic result, we can improve their lifestyles by means of improving clinical parameters.

Newspapers play an important role in improving public health literacy. This study analysis the content of pediatric information in widely circulated Iranian newspapers in 2014.

This is an applied survey performed using content analysis method. The data gathering tool was a checklist designed by the researcher. The sample size was determined using nonprobability sampling to be 426 articles with pediatric‑related topics of five Iranian newspapers.

The results showed that the most popular topics included “psychological disorders” (19.6%) and “nutrition” (19.27%). The null areas include “physiopathology of body fluids and fluid therapy” and “gynecological problems in childhood” (0%).

The messages identified were more in line with needs of Iranian society which shows a need to pay more attention to international standards by both journalists and pediatricians.

Birth of a child with cleft lip and palate, as a crisis, can affect family relationships and interactions seriously and hence self‑esteem in family members. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a happiness training program on self‑esteem in the mothers of children with cleft lip and palate.

In this quasi‑experimental study, 64 mothers of children with cleft lip and palate referring to health‑care team in the Isfahan University Medical Sciences were enrolled by convenience random sampling. Then, the program of happiness training was implemented within 10 sessions, and a questionnaire of demographic characteristics and Coopersmith Self‑Esteem Inventory was filled out before and 2 months after the last session. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (paired t‑test, independent t‑test, Chi‑square, and Mann–Whitney) in SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc: Chicago),

The mean age of the mothers in intervention and control groups was 33.3 ± 6.3 and 33.5 ± 5.8 years, respectively. The mean age of the children in the intervention and control groups was 6.34 ± 3.37 and 5.03 ± 3.36 years. Independent t‑test indicated a significant difference in self‑esteem mean score after training in the intervention and control groups. Moreover, paired t‑test indicated a significant difference in self‑esteem mean score between before and after training in the intervention group.

In the light of the effect of happiness training on the promotion of self‑esteem in children with cleft lip and palate, this program can be used as a care intervention to reduce psychological and mental problems and to enhance adjustment in parents.

Understanding the development and distribution of disruptive behaviour among members of a health‑care team is critical to the safety and quality of patient care in high‑risk environments such as operating rooms. The present study identified disruptive behaviour and its effect on the treatment of patients in the operating room environment.

This cross‑sectional study used the convenience sampling method to select 144 operating room physicians and nurses (91 women and 53 men). The study was conducted in the operating rooms of four academic hospitals with different specialties in North Khorasan province in Iran from December 2013 to September 2014. The data were collected using a translated, modified, and validated questionnaire to investigate the prevalence and consequences of disruptive behaviour, the response of the health care system to the behaviour, factors affecting the creation of conflict and the spread of disruptive behaviour. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 18.

Disruptive behaviour was reported by 82.95% physicians and nurses. On average, 39% of physicians and 21% of operating room nurses exhibited disruptive behaviour. Disruptive behaviour is associated with psychological and clinical consequences. Factors such as fear of retaliation (8%), lack of change (43.8%), lack of security (18.1%) and attitude of the organization (14.6%) are significant reasons for the failure to report these behaviours.

The findings suggest that disruptive behaviour occurs and affects treatment and workflow of treatment teams in the operating room. Interpersonal conflict contributes to the growth of such behaviour; thus, more research should focus on this subject in the future.

Training the health personnel about domestic violence would cause them to investigate and evaluate this issue more than before. Considering the new educational approaches for transferring knowledge, the goal of this research was to compare the effect of group‑based and compact disk (CD)‑based training on midwives’ knowledge and attitude toward domestic violence.

In this clinical experiment, seventy midwives working at health centers and hospitals of Isfahan were randomly allocated into two classes of group‑based and CD‑based trainings and were trained in the fields of recognition, prevention, and management of domestic violence. Data were collected by questionnaires which were completed by the midwives for evaluation of their knowledge and attitude.

The mean score of midwives’ knowledge and attitude toward domestic violence had a meaningful increase after the training (16.1, 46.9) compared to the score of before the training (12.1, 39.1) in both of the classes (group‑based training: 17.7, 45.4) (CD‑based training: 11.7, 38.6). No meaningful difference was observed between the two groups regarding midwives’ attitude toward domestic violence after the intervention; however, regarding their knowledge level, the difference was statistically meaningful (P = 0.001), and this knowledge increase was more in the CD‑based training group.

In spite of the effectiveness of both of the training methods in promoting midwives’ knowledge and attitude about domestic violence, training with CD was more effective in increasing their knowledge; as a result, considering the benefits of CD‑based training such as cost‑effectiveness and possibility of use at any time, it is advised to be used in training programs for the health personnel.

Clinical education provides a chance to combine theoretical knowledge and clinical skills. Students are the key elements in the evaluation of clinical education efficacy. The present study was aimed to define nursing students’ viewpoints concerning conformity to the characteristics of clinical conference and clinical round.

This descriptive analytical study was conducted on the bachelor’s students of the 4th–6th semester of nursing. Sampling was conducted using census sampling method during the 2nd semester of 2014–2015 school year. Data collection tool was a three‑section researcher‑made questionnaire containing demographic, nursing round, and clinical conference characteristics. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests (independent t‑test, ANOVA, and Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients) were used for data analysis.

Participants were 134 bachelor’s students of the 4th–6th semester of nursing. According to half of the participants, conformity to the characteristics of clinical conference (45.5%, 53%) and clinical round (44%, 51.5%) were poor and medium, respectively. Paired t‑test showed a significant difference between students’ viewpoints toward the planning of clinical conference and clinical nursing round (P = 0.006, t = 2.77).

According to the results of the present study on students’ viewpoints, clinical education faces a serious challenge with regard to clinical education methods. Considering the necessity and importance of clinical education, more investigation should be conducted to detect its relevant factors and plan for its improvement.

Clinical evaluation is very important in the educational system of nursing. One of the most common methods of clinical evaluation is evaluation by the teacher, but the challenges that students would face in this evaluation method, have not been mentioned. Thus, this study aimed to explore the experiences and views of nursing students about the challenges of teacher‑based clinical evaluation.

This study was a descriptive qualitative study with a qualitative content analysis approach. Data were gathered through semi‑structured focused group sessions with undergraduate nursing students who were passing their 8th semester at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Date were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s proposed method. Data collection and analysis were concurrent.

According to the findings, “factitious evaluation” was the main theme of study that consisted of three categories: “Personal preferences,” “unfairness” and “shirking responsibility.” These categories are explained using quotes derived from the data.

According to the results of this study, teacher‑based clinical evaluation would lead to factitious evaluation. Thus, changing this approach of evaluation toward modern methods of evaluation is suggested. The finding can help nursing instructors to get a better understanding of the nursing students’ point of view toward this evaluation approach and as a result could be planning for changing of this approach.

Gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy, and lack of self‑care is the most important reason for mortality in diabetic patients. Since the glycemic control is associated with physiological and psychological mechanisms, variables such as health locus of control can play a role in health behaviors of diabetic patients. Therefore, this study was aimed to predict self‑care behaviors among women with gestational diabetes based on maternal health locus of control (MHLC) and fetal health locus of control (FHLC).

This study is a descriptive, predictive correlational study that it is conducted on over 400 women with gestational diabetes attending the health centers and clinic of hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Data were collected using individual questionnaire, self‑care derived from the summary of diabetes self‑care activities, MHLC, and FHLC scale. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient test, linear regressions model, and multiple regression in SPSS software version 16. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient test showed a significant direct linear relationship between self‑care and internal MHLC (P = 0.027) and internal dimensions (P < 0.0001) and powerful others (P = 0.012) of FHLC. According to linear regressions model, internal MHLC (P = 0.027), internal dimensions (P < 0.0001), and powerful others (P = 0.012) of FHLC are considered as predictor variables of self‑care.

Midwives should perform interventions to increase internal locus of control and encourage more responsibility among women with gestational diabetes to achieve better self‑care.

Management pain in hospitalized children is challenging for the health-care professionals. Nurses have the most interactions with children who need to assess and manage for their pain. Therefore, the aim was to describe nurses’ experiences from pain management among hospitalized children from Iranian culture in this study.

A phenomenological study was conducted in which 23 nurses working in an educational hospital in Isfahan–Iran. The nurses participated in interviews based on a purposeful sampling method.

Participants’ experiences were categorized into three major themes and twelve subthemes including the nurses’ ability of detection of the pain nature, reaction to pain management and belief in pain relief.

The research showed that the nurses have valuable experiences in pain management in their workplaces. Their descriptions were based on the use of three domains that consist of knowledge, belief, and practice. Therefore, it is vital to focus on the subject of pain in nursing curriculum and guidelines in hospitals. A more extensive research is needed to demonstrate perceived barriers to pain management.

The curriculum of pathology is conventionally “taught” in a series of didactic lectures, which promotes learning by rote. In this study, case-based learning (CBL) was introduced to assess its effect on higher order cognition and problem-solving skills in undergraduate medical students.

The prescribed syllabus of hepatobiliary system was delivered to the undergraduate medical students of the fourth semester by conventional didactic lectures. A pretest, which contained questions designed to test both analysis and recall, was administered, followed by CBL sessions, in the presence of a facilitator, encouraging active discussion among students. Students were then assessed using a similar posttest. The perceptions of the students and the faculty were gathered by means of feedback questionnaires. The scores obtained by the students in the pre- and post-test were compared by paired t-test.

Eighty-one students participated in CBL sessions, with 95.06% expressing a desire for more such sessions, preferably in all the topics. The faculty members also felt that CBL would be benefi cial for the students but opined that it should be restricted to some topics. CBL was found to cause a highly signifi cant (P < 0.0001) improvement in the students’ higher levels of cognition, whereas the lower orders of cognition remained unaffected (P = 0.2048).

CBL promotes active learning and helps in the development of critical thinking and analysis in undergraduate medical students. Although it is resource-intensive, an attempt should be made to incorporate it along with lectures in clinically important topics.

The present study intends to see the effect of yoga practices on lipid profile, interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and high‑sensitivity‑C‑reactive protein (hs‑CRP) among apparently healthy adults exposed to occupational hazards.

In the present study, 48 participants aged 30–58 years (41.5 ± 5.2) who were exposed to occupational hazards were randomized into two groups, that is, experimental and wait‑list control. All the participants were assessed for lipid profile, IL‑6, TNF‑α, and hs‑CRP at the baseline and after completion of 3 months of yoga training intervention. The experimental group underwent yoga training intervention for 1 h for 6 days a week for 3 months, whereas control group continued with their daily activities except yoga training. Data analysis was done using statistical software SPSS Version 20.0. Data were analyzed using paired t‑tests and independent t‑test.

The results of within group comparison revealed highly significant changes in cholesterol (P < 0.001), high‑density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), low‑density lipoprotein (LDL)(P < 0.01), hs‑CRP (P < 0.01), IL‑6 (P < 0.001), and TNF‑α (P < 0.001) in experimental group. Comparison between experimental and control group revealed significant changes in cholesterol (P < 0.01), LDL (P < 0.05), IL‑6 (P < 0.01), TNF‑α (P < 0.01), and hs‑CRP (P < 0.01).

A yoga‑based lifestyle intervention seems to be a highly promising alternative therapy which favorably alters inflammatory markers and metabolic risk factors.

 Disaster patient tracking consists of identifying and registering patients, recording data on their medical conditions, settings priorities for evacuation of scene, locating the patients from scene to health care centers and then till completion of treatment and discharge.

The aim of this study was to design a model of patient tracking system for natural disaster in Iran.

This applied study was conducted in two steps in 2016. First, data on disaster patient tracking systems used in selected countries were collected from library-printed and electronic references and then compared. Next, a preliminary model of disaster patient tracking system was provided using these systems and validated by Delphi technique and focus group. The data of the fi rst step were analyzed by content analysis and those of the second step by descriptive statistics.

Analysis of the comments of key information persons in three Delphi rounds, consisting of national experts, yielded three themes, i.e., content, function, and technology, ten subthemes, and 127 components, with consensus rate of over 75%, to provide a disaster patient tracking system for Iran.

In Iran, there is no comprehensive process to manage the data on disaster patients. Offering a patient tracking system can be considered a humanitarian and effective measure to promote the process of identifying, caring for, evacuating, and transferring patients as well as documenting and following up their medical and location conditions from scene till completion of the treatment.

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a benign tumor which usually occurs in skeletal long bones. Its presence in zygoma is extremely rare. The patient was a 47‑year‑old female, with chief complaint of painful swelling in the left side of zygoma since 1 month ago after a long‑lasting painless swelling for about 15 years. Computed tomography scan showed an osteolytic lesion, in the body of left zygomatic bone with lobulated and well‑demarcated margins. During surgery, the mass was completely excised and the histological feature of the tumor was in favor of CMF. CMF is benign tumor and complete resection is the treatment of choice.