Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Jun 2016

Although cesarean section has saved many mothers’ and infants’ lives, the problem is in its increasing prevalence. According to recent statistics, the current rate of cesarean in Iran is in fact 3–4 times as more than the standard rate defined by WHO. Therefore, the present study is aimed to estimate the effect of an instructional program based on health belief model on reducing cesarean rate among primiparous pregnant women.

In this semi‑experimental research, 60 primiparous women who had visited Bandar Abbas Healthcare Centers were selected as the subjects. They were in their 26–30th week of pregnancy. They were selected in a multi‑stage cluster sampling method (a combination of clustering and simple randomization), and were divided into two groups, subjects and control group. The data were gathered using a valid and reliable questionnaire. The instructional intervention was done after the completion of the pretest questionnaire based on the sub‑constructs of the health belief model in six instructional sessions. 1 month after the intervention, posttest questionnaires were completed by the subjects in both groups. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, standard deviation, independent t‑test, and paired t‑test. The significance level was set at <0.05.

Two groups had a significant difference between awareness score, perceived sensitivity, intensity, benefits, barriers, self‑efficacy, and the performance (P < 0.001). In the experimental group, nine subjects (30%) had a natural delivery.

According to the findings of the current research, an instructional program illuminated (designed) by the health belief model can significantly influence pregnant women’s awareness, intention, and choice of delivery type.

Successful aging is a pattern of aging that has gained much attention during recent years. One factor that has a negative impact on successful aging variables is hypertension. The phenomenon of aging when accompanied with hypertension promotes spiritual needs. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the Islamic spiritual program on successful aging in elderly patients with hypertension who were referred to health centers of Isfahan, Iran, in 2014. Settings and Design: This study was a randomized clinical trial.

The participants (52 elderly patients with hypertension) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. While the control group received training related to health promotion, the Islamic spiritual program was implemented in the experimental group for eight sessions in two health centers of Isfahan. The data collection tools consisted of the 12‑item General Health Questionnaire developed by Goldberg and the satisfaction with life scale developed by Diener. The questionnaires were completed in three steps; pretest, posttest, and follow‑up (1‑month). Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 20 and Chi‑square, independent t‑test, and repeated measures ANOVA.

Statistical tests showed that the mean score of general health and life satisfaction of the experiment group had a meaningful difference from that of the control group in the posttest stage (P < 0.001). This difference was also meaningful in the follow‑up stage (P < 0.001).

The results of the study indicated the effectiveness of an Islamic spiritual program on successful aging variables.

Newspapers have immense potential for generating health awareness on diverse issues such as hygiene, immunization, environmental pollution, and communicable disease. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of coverage and types of health‑related articles published in local newspapers of Manipur.

This was a cross‑sectional study conducted among the most regularly published 10 local newspapers (4 English and 6 Manipuri) of Manipur from February 2011 to January 2012. Health‑related articles published in everyday local newspapers were collected after careful search and finally entered into a design Proforma under different categories. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.

Total health‑related articles published were 10,874 and maximum articles were published during February (12.8%). Maximum health‑related articles were published on Wednesday (16.1%). Among all the health‑related articles, almost half were related with injury followed by public health articles. Maximum public health and injury‑related articles were published on Monday, but medical topics were published more on Wednesday. Newspapers of both the languages were publishing public health articles more compared to medical topics. Public health (72.9%) and injury‑related articles (95.9%) were published maximum in the news items section, but medical topics (45.8%) were published maximum in the health section of the newspaper. Newspapers of both the languages published maximum small size articles.

There is a room for improvement for newspapers of both the languages regarding number of health‑related articles’ publication, section of publication, and size of the health articles.

The knowledge about Ebola virus disease (EVD) is very crucial in the response to the recent outbreak and in order to control its spread. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of self‑instructional module (SIM) in enhancing knowledge of EVD among Nigerian students in Bengaluru, India.

A pre‑experimental study design was employed, and a simple random sampling technique was used to select 60 participants. A pretest was conducted with the tool to assess the baseline knowledge of participants after which SIM was administered to all the participants in two episodes. The posttest was conducted after 7 days using the same tool to assess any gain in knowledge among the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS at an alpha level of 0.001 and Descriptive analysis (such as percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation [SD]) as well as independent t‑test was conducted.

Findings showed that the majority of the participants (53%) were males, studying for the undergraduate degree (85%), 36 participants (60%) were in arts/social courses. More than average of the participants (67%) had spent only 1‑year in India. Majority (53.3%) had average knowledge but after the administration of the SIM, majority had very good knowledge about EVD. The mean pretest knowledge score was 16.03 with an SD of 2.951 while the mean posttest knowledge score was 28.22 with SD of 3.273. The calculated t value was 21.432 (P < 0.001).

SIM was observed to be very effective in this study and therefore should be adopted by health personnel in order to convey health‑related information to the public.

“Uncontrolled anger” threats the compatible and health of people as serious risk. The effects of weaknesses and shortcomings in the management of anger, from personal distress and destruction interpersonal relationships beyond and linked to the public health problems, lack of compromises, and aggressive behavior adverse outcomes. This study investigates the effects of anger management education on mental health and aggression of prisoner women in Isfahan.

The single‑group quasi‑experimental (pretest, posttest) by prisoner women in the central prison of Isfahan was done. Multi‑stage random sampling method was used. Initially, 165 women were selected randomly and completed the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire‑28, and among these, those with scores >78 (the cut point) in aggression scale was selected and among them 70 were randomly selected. In the next step, interventions in four 90 min training sessions were conducted. Posttest was performed within 1‑month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS‑20 software.

Data analysis showed that anger management training was effective in reducing aggression (P < 0.001) and also had a positive effect on mental health (P < 0.001).

According to the importance of aggression in consistency and individual and collective health and according to findings, presented educational programs on anger management is essential for female prisoners.

Congestive heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases that have a progressive and chronic trend and influences individuals’ and their families’ various dimensions. Social support is one of the psychosocial factors that can have a positive effect on individuals’ physical, mental and social status. Despite the existence of evidences, revealing the importance of family’s support on patients’ condition, family centered supportive interventions with goal of clinical outcomes improvement have been less conducted among these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of family supportive intervention on the level of the support, received among heart failure patients.

This is a two‑group two‑stage clinical trial, conducted on 64 patients with cardiac failure, referring to selected educational centers and meeting the inclusion criteria, who were selected through convenient sampling. They were assigned to study (n = 32) and control (n = 32) groups through random allocation. Data were collected by questioning through a two‑section medical records questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS.

Results of the study showed that mean scores of received support score were 13.7 (3.8) in the study and 0.8 (2.4) in the control group. Independent t‑test showed a significant difference in mean changes of perceived support scores after the intervention between study and control groups (P < 0.001).

Based on familial dimension in social support have a positive effect on patients’ perceived support. Nurses, as professional members of health care team, and with an important role in education and care of cardiac failure patients, can support, educate and guide these patients through designing appropriate care plans and educating their family members.

Primary healthcare (PHC) providers play a major role in provision of public health in rural areas in Iran. They are considered as the key elements of health development in rural population. There is limited research on clarification of their experiences from provision of health services in their working conditions. This study aimed to clarify the experience of PHC providers from working conditions in giving primary health services in health houses (district branches of rural health care centers).

This is a content analysis qualitative study, conducted through personal and group interviews with 12 health workers working in health care centers in rural areas in Isfahan province, 2010. Sampling continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed through conventional content analysis and constant comparative method.

Data analysis led to extraction of 11 categories, and finally, four themes of “ignoring the rights,” “causing tension in working climate,” “pressure or overload of expectations beyond the power,” and “occupational worn out” were yielded from the categories. These themes reveal the concepts and nature of PHC providers’ experiences from giving health care at health houses as the first level of PHC centers.

The results of the present study showed that the PHC providers work in a tense condition in health houses. Although they devote themselves to the health of society members, their own health is neglected. Policy makers and authorities should amend working conditions of PHC providers through modification of resources and making supportive and collaborative strategies to improve the quality of services and promote the health level of the service receivers.

Handicrafts seems to be one of the high‑risk jobs regarding work‑related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) which necessitate the implementation of different corrective intervention like regular physical activities. This study aimed to investigate the impact of physical activity on WMSDs among craftsmen.

This cross‑sectional study was an analytical – descriptive study carried out on 100 craftsmen working in Isfahan, Iran, in 2013. The sampling method was census, and all workshops involved with this job were included. Information on demographic parameters and physical activity was collected by demographic forms. The data related to worker’s musculoskeletal discomforts were conducted using Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using statistical tests including independent t‑test, Chi‑square, and ANOVA. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.

The highest percentages of complaints related to severe musculoskeletal discomfort were reported in right shoulder (%36), right wrist (%26), neck (%25), and upper right arm (%24), respectively. A significant relationship was observed between physical activity and musculoskeletal discomforts of left wrist (P = 0.012), lower back (P = 0.016), and neck (P = 0.006). Discussion and

Based on the study results, it can be inferred that regular but not too heavy physical activity can have a positive impact on decreasing the musculoskeletal discomforts.

The process of assisted reproductive treatment is a stressful situation in the treatment of infertile couples and it would harm the mental health of women. Fertile women who started infertility treatment due to male factor infertility have reported to experience less stress and depression than other women before the assisted reproductive process but considering the cultural and social factors and also the etiology of the assisted reproductive process, it could affect the metal health of these women. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the mental health of fertile women who undergo assisted reproductive treatment due to male factor infertility.

This study was a prospective study on 70 fertile women who underwent assisted reproductive treatment due to male factor infertility. The exclusion criterion was to stop super ovulation induction. To assess mental health, anxiety and depression dimensions of the general health questionnaire were used. Before starting ovulation induction and after oocyte harvesting, the general health questionnaire was filled by women who were under treatment. Data were analyzed using multi‑variable linear regression, paired t‑test, and Chi‑square.

The results showed that the mean score of depression and anxiety before ovulation induction and after oocyte harvesting were not significantly different; but the rate of mental health disorder in the depression dimension was significantly decreased after oocytes harvesting (31.7% vs. 39.7%). Also, there was a significant relation between the level of anxiety and depression before ovulation induction and after oocyte harvesting (P < 0.05). The anxiety level after oocyte harvesting had a positive and significant correlation with the economic situation (P < 0.05).

This study revealed that the process of assisted reproductive treatment does not affect the mental health in fertile women independently, but these women start assisted reproductive process with high levels of depression and anxiety. Therefore, prior to the assisted reproductive treatment mental health consultation is needed.

Exact measurement of quality of life (QOL) in schizophrenia patients for evaluation of the patient’s deterioration and also to assess the efficacy of therapeutic Interventions has become a daily task, which requires accurate assessment tools.

This study was aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a Persian version of schizophrenia QOL scale (SQLS) as a common transcultural instrument. Settings and Design: One hundred and fifty schizophrenia patients who referred to Psychiatric Clinic in Noor Hospital (Isfahan, Iran) have been selected using simple sampling method. Subjects and

Aside with SQLS, short form‑36 general health (SF‑36) and World Health Organization QOL‑brief‑26 (WHOQOL‑BREF‑26). Questionnaires were completed by the cases for determination of correlation coefficients. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach’s coefficient alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient by Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, version 18 (SPSS‑18).

Total reliability of the questionnaire was reported by using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha 0.84, reliability of individual relationships subscales was 0.91, signs 0/87, symptoms 0/72 and motivation/ energy 0/61. Correlation coefficients of SF‑36 with a total scale of SQLS and correlation coefficient of WHOQOL‑BREF‑26 with a total scale of SQLS were acceptable. Exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation identified four principle components (interpersonal relationship, symptoms, signs, motivation, and energy), which will determine QOL at 52.7% variance.

Persian version of the SQLS can be used as a simple, reliable and valid tool in Iranian population.

Women and mothers are the most important educational audience to convey health teachings. This study was aimed to evaluate the knowledge level of different types of health violations of food production, distribution, sale centers and public places; and authorities investigating the violations among women referring to health care centers in Bushehr.

In this descriptive‑analytical study, which was done cross‑sectionally, 600 women who were referred to health care centers affiliated to the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences was selected by convenience sampling. Two‑part questionnaire was used to collect data: demographic information and a researcher‑designed knowledge survey questionnaire consisted of 25 questions with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.7. Data were analyzed with the software SPSS version 13; using Chi‑square test and Phi and Cramer test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

The findings showed that 56.9% and 26.5% of women had good and moderate knowledge levels regarding health violations, while the general knowledge level of authorities investigating health violations were at the moderate level among 57.3% and at the good level among 15.3% of women. Overall, there was a significant relationship between education level and the women’s knowledge level of health violations (P < 0.0001). The relationship between the women’s education level and authorities investigating health violations was not significant (P = 0.073).

Applying interventional methods of education in health violations to the women by health centers can elevate the level of health knowledge among them.

Evidence‑based dentistry (EBD) is an approach to oral health that requires the application and examination of relevant scientific data related to the patient’s oral health and his priorities. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental students of Isfahan about EBD.

In this descriptive study, 168 dental students in 3 final years of their education who engaged in clinical practice by consensus sampling were recruited. For data collection, a validated questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was consisted of demographic questions and some questions about four issues: Knowledge of self‑assess (KSA), evidence‑based practice, actual knowledge and attitude about EBD. Data were analyzed with t‑test, one‑way ANOVA, Chi‑square, and linear regression with SPSS 16.

One hundred and thirty‑six students from 168 students were filled the questionnaire. The mean of KSA was 13 ± 4.3, mean of usage of useful references in EBD was 16.9 ± 7.6. One‑third of students were studied their last article in last 6 months before. The mean of actual knowledge and attitude was 7.4 ± 2.3 and 24 ± 3.8, respectively. The relation between 4 main issues was significant (P < 0.05).

By considering overall interest and positive attitude toward learning EBD in dental students, it is highly recommended that practical educational courses about EBD be planned by dental faculties.

To determine the tea consumption pattern in an urban society in Isfahan.

A descriptive, cross‑sectional survey was carried out using questioner among 664 households who were selected by two steps cluster sampling. A questionnaire was developed including demographic questions, information on the quantity of tea intake by every member of the family, tea type, and tea brand preference.

The individuals who prioritized black tea as their 1st choice were 90.1% of the total surveyed community. The average amount of tea consumed was calculated as 1243 ± 530 ml/day. The individuals who were between 36 and 45 and <15 years old were shown as the highest and the lowest tea consumers, respectively. Men significantly consumed more amount of tea than women did and married participants significantly used more amount of tea than singles (P < 0.05). The number of the family members, though, had no impact on tea consumption (P > 0.05). Brand preference of tea showed that the individuals who prioritized Ahmed brand as their 1st choice constituted 44% of the total participants.

Tea consumption pattern in an Iranian sample is specific. Despite of the huge evidence on the green tea benefits, this type of tea has very low popularity and among the available black tea brands, the imported ones are the most preferred.

The application of the nursing research findings is one of the most important indicators of development in the nursing profession, which leads to providing efficient and effective patient care and improving the quality of nursing care. According the result of some studies, transferring the evidence‑based findings to the nurses’ practice and education in the world has been slow and sometimes unsuccessful. This study aimed to investigate the most important barriers to the application of research findings from the nurses’ perspective.

This cross‑sectional study conducted on a sample of 210 nurses in a teaching hospital in Tehran in 2013. The data were collected using a researcher‑made questionnaire consisted of two parts, including items about nurses’ demographic characteristics and 30 items to identify the most important barriers to the application of research findings from the studied nurses’ perspective.

“The lack of sufficient time for reading the studies,” “the lack of sufficient time to implement the new ideas,” “the lack of adequate facilities to implement the ideas,” “nurses’ little interest in conducting studies,” and “the lack of authority to change the methods and patterns of care” with, respectively, 85%, 84.6%, 83.8%, 83.4%, and 80.5% agreement with the existence of barriers were the most barriers to application of research findings from the studied nurses’ perspective.

The lack of time was the most important barrier to the use of research findings from the perspective of studied nurses. Therefore, some effective strategies should be used by hospital managers and health policy makers to overcome this barrier. Some of these strategies can be employing new personnel and hiring skilled and efficient human resources in order to decrease the workload of nurses, organizing the nurses’ work shifts, providing right balance between patients and nurses in the wards, etc.

Heat stress is a threat to those who work in high temperatures. The purpose in this study was an examination of the cooling ability of Iranian phase change material (PCM) cold vest in hot and dry conditions in a climatic chamber.

This experimental study was implemented on 12 male students (age 23.7 ± 2.8 years, weight 66.1 ± 11.4 kg, and VO2 max 2.53 L/min) in 2013. The heat strain score index (HSSI), skin temperature and oral temperature, and heartbeat in two phases with and without cooling vest was measured during 30 min in a climatic chamber (temperature 38.8 ± 1.3°C humidity ratio 32.9 ± 2.3%) and in two activity intensity of 2.4 and 4.8 km/h speed on the treadmill, and the data differences between groups “with” and “without” vest were tested by t‑test and repeated measurement. The level of significance was considered as 0.05.

The change in heartbeat at two activities, the oral temperature and heat strain score at 4.8 km/h, did not differ significantly between groups (with and without vest), as expected (P > 0.05). However, the change in skin temperature at two activities, oral temperature and heat strain score at 2.4 km/h, was significant between groups, as expected (P < 0.05). The average of skin temperature at 15th and 30th min during the experiment at two activities of 2.4 and 4.8 km/h was significant.

The findings of the study indicated that using the Iranian PCM cold vest in hot and dry climate can affect the reduction of skin temperature, oral temperature, and HSSI in light activities.

Snacks play an important role in child health and nutritional status. Schools are considered as the preferred place to encourage healthy eating among children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of buffet school‑based intervention on acceptance and satisfaction of parents and students in Iran.

Primary school students (n = 1120, 68.83% girls) from first to third grade, with one of their parents, participated in this prospective field trial study conducted in Isfahan, Iran. The study was consisted of three phases; schools selection, kitchen selection, implementation including two different parts, getting order and distribution. We provided hot snacks as traditional and healthy fast food according to taste and food preferences of children. Acceptance and satisfaction of parents and students were evaluated via a researcher made questionnaire before and after the intervention in one‑third of participants as a representative sample of students who ordered the snacks.

Most of the students usually ate snack in the break‑time at school, the eagerness of provided snacks was 98.8% and 63.6% in girls and boys, respectively. The most interesting tastes were Ashe Reshteh and Tahchin, (45.1% girls vs. 36.8% boys), while bean (among girls) and Ashe Jo (among boys) were ranked as the lowest. More than half of parents (66.7%) evaluated the price of snacks as “acceptable,” showing their satisfaction.

Results of this study indicate that school‑based interventions accompanied with parental and principals’ support is considered as a practical approach to promote healthful eating at an early age. Developing effective interventions for youth might, therefore, help to prevent unhealthy dietary choices becoming habitual.

Feedback is an integral part of formative assessment though underutilized in medical education. The objective of this study was to review our feedback module through students’ perceptions.

We have developed a feedback module which is practiced by us for last 10 years for term ending examination that gives collective feedback to the whole class, followed by individual student‑teacher interactions. Students were also exposed to 6–7 multiple choice questions (MCQs) based assessment during the course of pharmacology. Immediately after each MCQ test the answer keys is displayed along with an explanation. Two classes of students were requested to give their perceptions about the feedback by responding on Likert scale for the statements in the questionnaire. All the 206 students who volunteered for the study were enrolled in the study. Mann–Whitney test was used to calculate the difference in perceptions.

Of 278 students of two classes, 206 responded (74%). Students’ agreement varied from 93% to 98% for 5 items in the questionnaire for the feedback after term ending examinations. Perception of students attending one or more than one feedback session did not differ significantly. For MCQs, tests agreement was 91% to 98% for the 4 items. There was no significant difference between two classes in their perceptions regarding feedback practices (P < 0.05).

Students gave a favorable opinion for our feedback module. In the medical colleges with a large number of students, this module is feasible for feedback in formative assessment in the form of written tests.

School‑based sex education has the potential to prevent unwanted pregnancy and to promote positive sexual health at the individual, family and community level.

To develop and validate a sexual health questionnaire to measure young peoples’ sexual health knowledge and understanding (SHQ) in Nepalese secondary school.

Secondary school students (n = 259, male = 43.63%, female = 56.37%) and local experts (n = 9, male = 90%, female = 10%) were participated in this study. Evaluation processes were; content validity (>0.89), plausibility check (>95), item‑total correlation (>0.3), factor loading (>0.4), principal component analysis (4 factors Kaiser’s criterion), Chronbach’s alpha (>0.65), face validity and internal consistency using test‑retest reliability (P > 0.05).

The principal component analysis revealed four factors to be extracted; sexual health norms and beliefs, source of sexual health information, sexual health knowledge and understanding, and level of sexual awareness. Kaiser‑Meyer‑Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy demonstrated that the patterns of correlations are relatively compact (>0.80). Chronbach’s alpha for each factors were above the cut‑off point (0.65). Face validity indicated that the questions were clear to the majority of the respondent. Moreover, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the responses to the items at two time points at seven weeks later.

The finding suggests that SHQ is a valid and reliable instrument to be used in schools to measure sexual health knowledge and understanding. Further analysis such as structured equation modelling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis could make the questionnaire more robust and applicable to the wider school population.

Newborn death is an unexpected outcome for parents. Parents face with several needs in infant end‑of‑life. The health care team is responsible for meet these needs. This qualitative study aim was to explore of parental needs in infant end‑of‑life and bereavement.

For this qualitative study, 24 single semi‑structure interviews were done. A qualitative content analysis method was used. Sampling conducted on purposeful with maximum variation in five Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) environments in Isfahan city. Inclusion criteria for nurses and doctors were having at least one experience of caring for an infant and their family at end‑of‑life. Inclusion criteria for parents and their families were having at least one infant at end‑of‑life or had lost their infant for 6 months before in NICU.

Data analysis uncovered two main themes. Family’s support needs with two subthemes (family’s support needs before infant’s death and family’s support needs after infant’s death) and family’s preparatory needs upon infant’s death with two subthemes (management of the bad news of infant’s death by treatment team and management of the bad news of infant’s death by family).

Mourning mother’s need for her husband’s presence by her side, getting hospitalized in a separate room, and management of infant’s death news by father and family were among items rarely pointed out in other studies. Exploration of these needs cab be helpful for the health care team for providing care.

In the new approach, all health care providers have been obligated to maintain and improve the quality and have been accountable for it. One of the ways is the implementation of clinical governance (CG). More accurate understanding of its challenges can help to improve its performance.

In this study, barriers of CG implementation are investigated from the perspective of the hospitals involved. Besides, some solutions are suggested based on stakeholders’ opinions.

This study used combined method (qualitative content analysis and questionnaire) in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2014. First, experts, and stakeholders talked about CG implementation obstacles in a semi‑structured interview. Interviews were confirmed by the interviewee (double check). After analyzing the interviews using reduction coding the questionnaire was drawn up. The questionnaire “validity was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (0/891)” and its reliability was obtained using experts confirmation. Data analyzing was performed using SPSS (18) software.

According to results staffing and management factors were the main obstacles. After them, were factors related to organizational culture, infrastructure elements, information, sociocultural and then process factors. The learning barriers were in final rank. Thirty‑four solutions was proposed by experts and divided into subset of eight major barriers. Most solutions were offered on modifying processes and minimal solutions about modifying of organizational culture, sociocultural, and educational factors.

Removing the obstacles, especially management and human resource factors can be effective by facilitating and accelerating CG. Furthermore, use of experts and stakeholders opinions can help to remove CG barriers.

Multi‑dimensional self‑compassion is one of the important factors predicting fetal‑maternal attachment which vary among different cultures and countries. So the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between multi‑dimensional, self‑compassion, and fetal‑maternal attachment in the prenatal period.

This cross‑sectional study was carried on 394 primigravida women to Mashhad Health Care Centers in with two stage sampling method (cluster‑convenience) in the year 2014. Demographic/prenatal characteristics, multi‑dimensional self‑compassion (26Q) with five dimension (including self‑kindness, self‑judgment, common humanity, isolation items, mindfulness, over‑identified), and fatal‑maternal attachment (21Q) were completed by the participants. The statistical analysis was performed with various statistical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient, t‑test, one‑way ANOVA, and linear regression using SPSS statistical software (version 14).

Based on the findings, the mean (standard deviation) value for multi‑dimensional self‑compassion was 59.81 (6.4) and for fatal‑maternal attachment was 81.63 (9.5). There was a positive correlation between fatal‑maternal attachment and total self‑compassion (P = 0.005, r = 0.30) and its dimension including self‑kindness (P = 0.003, r = 0.24), self‑judgment (P = 0.001, r = 0.18), common humanity (P = 0.004, r = 0.28), isolation items (P = 0.006, r = 0.17), mindfulness (P = 0.002, r = 0.15), over‑identified (P = 0.001, r = 0.15).

There was a correlation between the multi‑dimensional self‑compassion and fetal‑maternal attachment in pregnant women. Hence, educating people like caregivers by community health midwives regarding psychological problems in during pregnancy can be effective in early diagnosing and identifying such disorders.

Delay in diagnosis of bleeding can be due to underestimation of the actual amount of blood loss during delivery. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the efficacy of web‑based, simulation‑based, and conventional training on the accuracy of visual estimation of postpartum hemorrhage volume.

This three‑group randomized clinical trial study was performed on 105 midwifery students in Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery in 2013. The samples were selected by the convenience method and were randomly divided into three groups of web‑based, simulation‑based, and conventional training. The three groups participated before and 1 week after the training course in eight station practical tests, then, the students of the web‑based group were trained on‑line for 1 week, the students of the simulation‑based group were trained in the Clinical Skills Centre for 4 h, and the students of the conventional group were trained for 4 h presentation by researchers. The data gathering tool was a demographic questionnaire designed by the researchers and objective structured clinical examination. Data were analyzed by software version 11.5.

The accuracy of visual estimation of postpartum hemorrhage volume after training increased significantly in the three groups at all stations (1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (P = 0.001), 8 (P = 0.027)) except station 3 (blood loss of 20 cc, P = 0.095), but the mean score of blood loss estimation after training did not significantly different between the three groups (P = 0.95).

Training increased the accuracy of estimation of postpartum hemorrhage, but no significant difference was found among the three training groups. We can use web‑based training as a substitute or supplement of training along with two other more common simulation and conventional methods.

Health‑care acquired infections are significant given the risks and costs they impose. All previous studies indicate a poor level of knowledge and performance among the nurses in hospital infections; as such, educating nurses can play an important role in infection control. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the health belief model (HBM) in making nurses adopting health‑care behaviors needed to control nosocomial infections (Nis).

The participants of the study were 135 nurses from two hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. A self‑administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of seven parts. The intervention group received four 45 min educational programs, both in individual and collective forms. After a 2‑month interval, a post‑test was conducted to see whether any difference has been resulted.

There was a significant relationship between knowledge (P = 0.001), perceived threat (P = 0.004), perceived benefits (P = 0.001), and practices (P = 0.001) in comparing to control and experimental groups after intervention. For the experimental and control groups, the most frequent cues to action at the preintervention stage were, respectively, related to the period of studying at university and in‑service classes.

According to this study, HBM‑based education can increase knowledge, perceived threat, and perceived benefits of nurses. Additionally, it can reduce perceived barriers and improve the control of NIs among nurses.

This study intended to clarify the determining factors of complementary feeding practices among Tehran 6–24 months failure to thrive children in order to use the results for planning the interventions to reduce the possible adverse effects.

In this study, 132 mothers of three medical and health centers were chosen by random sampling among those centers operating under the supervision of south of Tehran District Health Center and study data were collected from them. A valid and reliable questionnaire as a data collection instrument developed based on behavioral analysis phase of PRECEDE model. Spearman and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test were used to determine the statistical relationship between factors associated with complementary feeding practices among mothers.

The mothers’ knowledge was as follows: 0.8%, 20.4%, and 78.8% of them were good, medium, and poor, respectively. Mean scores for the mothers’ performance in terms of supplementary feeding was 66.8. Pearson correlation indicated a positive and significant correlation between the mothers’ performance with enabling and reinforcing factors, but there wasn’t any significant relationship between the mothers’ performance and knowledge about complementary feeding.

According to the obtained results, reinforcing factors, and enabling factors are associated with the mothers’ performance in terms of complementary feeding. Hence, attention to these issues is essential for better health interventions planning.